English Basics

Agronomy Glossary

2010-02-08T07:32:00.000-08:00

Este material no esta aun terminado, pero bue...aca lo dejo por si le sirve a alguien.

Anexo al cuadernillo de Ingles Tecnico de Agronomia UNRC2009
Realizado por alumnos del Prof. de Inlges UNRC

Absorb: (verbo) absorber

Adapt: (verbo) adaptar, adaptarse

Advocate: recomendar, abogar

Affordable:(adjetivo) razonable (precio)

Aid: (sustantivo) ayuda (Verbo) ayudar, asistir, contribuir a

Albizia: es un género de cerca de 150 especies de árboles y arbustos de rápido crecimiento, subtropicales y tropicales, en la Subfamilia de las Mimosoideae, leguminosas de la familia de las Fabaceae.

Algae: Alga, Se llaman algas a diversos organismos fotosintetizadores de organización sencilla que viven en el agua o en ambientes muy húmedos. Pertenecen al reino protoctista y técnicamente, las algas son los organismos autótrofos que realizan la fotosíntesis oxigénica (fotosíntesis que produce oxígeno), si excluimos a las plantas (Embriophyta). Se trata de un grupo polifilético o artificial (no es un grupo de parentesco), y no tiene por lo tanto ya uso en la clasificación científica moderna, aunque sigue teniendo utilidad en la descripción de los ecosistemas acuáticos.

Amendment: Enmienda

Amino Acid: Un aminoácido, como su nombre indica, es una molécula orgánica con un grupo amino (-NH2) y un grupo carboxilo (-COOH; ácido). Los aminoácidos más frecuentes y de mayor interés son aquellos que forman parte de las proteínas. Dos aminoácidos se combinan en una reacción de condensación que libera aguaenlace peptídico. Estos dos "residuos" aminoacídicos forman un dipéptido. Si se une un tercer aminoácido se forma un tripéptido y así, sucesivamente, para formar un polipéptido. Esta reacción ocurre de manera natural en los ribosomas, tanto los que están libres en el citosol como los asociados al retículo endoplasmático. formando un

Ammonia: Amoníaco Animal Dropping: (feces) Las heces, materia fecal, excremento o deposiciones son el conjunto de los desperdicios generalmente sólidos o líquidos (o, casi siempre por algún padecimiento, a veces también líquidos) que generan los animales como producto final del proceso de la digestión. Las heces son los restos de los alimentos no absorbidos por el tubo digestivo (como fibras y otros componentes que no son útiles para el ser en cuestión), y también células del epitelio intestinal que se descaman en el proceso de absorción de nutrientes, microorganismos, y otras sustancias que no logran atravesar el epitelio intestinal. Ant: hormiga

Arachis: es un género de cerca de 70 especies de fanerógamas anuales o perennes de la familia de las leguminosas (Fabaceae), nativas de Sudamérica. Al menos una especie, el maní o cacahuete (Arachis hypogaea), es la mayor especie en cultivo de importancia global; se cultiva por las semillas, comestibles después de tostadas, y por el aceite, que lo contienen en gran cantidad y se destina a uso industrial y a la cocina. El desperdicio o bagazo que queda después de la extracción del aceite se usa como alimento de los animales.

Arsenic: El arsénico (del persa Zarnikh, oropimente amarillo o bien del griego arsenikón, masculino) es un elemento químico tabla periódica cuyo símbolo es As y el número atómico es 33. En la tabla periódica de los elementos se encuentra en el quinto grupo principal. El arsénico se presenta raramente sólido, principalmente en forma de sulfuros.Pertenece a los metaloides, ya que muestra propiedades intermedias entre los metales y los no metales.

Assisted Traditional Breeding: Cría asistida tradicional

Asthma: asma.

Atmosphere: La atmósfera (del griego ἀτμός, vapor, aire, y σφαῖρα, esfera) es la capa de gas que rodea un cuerpo celeste con la suficiente masa como para atraerlo. Algunos planetas están formados principalmente por gases, con lo que tienen atmósferas muy profundas.

Autotrophic: Los seres autótrofos (a veces llamados productores) son organismos capaces de sintetizar todas las sustancias esenciales para su metabolismo a partir de sustancias inorgánicas, de manera que para su nutrición no necesitan de otros seres vivos. El término autótrofo procede del griego y significa "que se alimenta por sí mismo". Los organismos autótrofos producen su masa celular y materia orgánica, a partir del dióxido de carbono, que es inorgánico, como única fuente de carbono, usando la luz o sustancias químicas como fuente de energía. Las plantas y otros organismos que usan la fotosíntesis son fotolitoautótrofos; las bacterias que utilizan la oxidación de compuestos inorgánicos como el anhídrido sulfuroso o compuestos ferrosos como producción de energía se llaman quimiolitotróficos.

Avert: Apartar

Bean: Los frijoles, frejoles, judías, porotos, granos, pochas, fabas, chícharos, caraotas, alubias o habichuelas son las semillas comestibles de Phaseolus vulgaris, una especie anual de la familia de las leguminosas. Es una planta originaria de América que se cultiva en todo el mundo. Existen numerosas variedades y de ellas se consumen tanto las vainas verdes (judía verde o chauchas) como los granos secos.

Biochar: es el carbón producido por la pirolisis de biomasa. El material resultante es una forma de “biosequestration”, el cual es un proceso mediante el cual se captura y almacena carbono en organismos vivos, como las plantas y algas.

Charcoal: El carbón vegetal es un material combustible sólido, frágil y poroso con un alto contenido en carbonomadera y otros residuos vegetales, hasta temperaturas que oscilan entre 400 y 700 °C, en ausencia de aire. (del orden del 80%). Se produce por calentamiento de Biochar Fertilization:

Biodiesel: El biodiesel es un biocombustible sintético líquido que se obtiene a partir de lípidos naturales como aceites vegetales o grasas animales, con o sin uso previo, mediante procesos industriales de esterificación y transesterificación, y que se aplica en la preparación de sustitutos totales o parciales del petrodiésel o gasóleopetróleo. obtenido del Biofuel Production: producción de combustible líquido derivado de materiales de las plantas.

Biomass: según el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, tiene dos acepciones: 1. f. Biol. Materia total de los seres que viven en un lugar determinado, expresada en peso por unidad de área o de volumen. 2. f. Biol. Materia orgánica originada en un proceso biológico, espontáneo o provocado, utilizable como fuente de energía.

Bird: Pájaro

Black Gold Agriculture:

Bloom: (sustantivo) Flor.

Blow: (sustantivo) Golpe, (verbo) Soplar

Bounce: rebotar, picar.

Burn: arder, quemarse.

Burned: quemado.

Bury: enterrar.

Bushy Plant: arbusto tupido, espeso.

Byproduct: subproducto.

Calcium: calcio. El calcio es un elemento químico, de símbolo Ca y de número atómico 20. Se encuentra en el medio interno de los organismos como ion calcio (Ca2+) o formando parte de otras moléculas; en algunos seres vivos se halla precipitado en forma de esqueleto interno o externo. Los iones de calcio actúan de cofactor en muchas reacciones enzimáticas, intervienen en el metabolismo del glucogeno, junto al potasio y el sodio regulan la contracción muscular. El porcentaje de calcio en los organismos es variable y depende de las especies, pero por término medio representa el 2,45% en el conjunto de los seres vivos; en los vegetales, solo representa el 0,007%.

Can: (sustantivo) lata (Verbo) enlatar

Carbon: El carbón o carbón mineral es una roca sedimentaria utilizada como combustible fósil, de color negro, muy rico en carbono. Suele localizarse bajo una capa de pizarra y sobre una capa de arena y arcilla. Se cree que la mayor parte del carbón se formó durante la era carbonífera (hace 280 a 345 millones de años).

Carbon Dioxide Gas: Dióxido de Carbono.

Carob: algarrobo El algarrobo (Ceratonia siliqua) es un árbol de la familia de las fabáceas. El algarrobo alcanza los 15 m de altura; es de follaje perenne. Tiene hojas pinnadas de color verde oscuro y flores pequeñas, rojas y apétalas. El fruto la algarroba es una vaina coriácea de color castaño oscuro, de 1 a 3 dm de longitud, que contiene una pulpa gomosa de sabor dulce y agradable que rodea las semillas. Las vainas son comestibles y se usan como forraje.

Carpel: Los carpelos son hojas modificadas que forman la parte reproductiva femenina de la flor de las plantas angiospermas; son la unidad básica del gineceo. Por su carácter de hojas portadoras de megásporas (o macrósporas), las células por cuya multiplicación se forma el gametófito femenino (el saco embrional), los carpelos son megasporofilos (o macrosporofilos).

Cattle: Ganado.

Cells: células, Una célula (del latín cellula, diminutivo de cella, hueco) es la unidad morfológica y funcional de todo ser vivo. De hecho, la célula es el elemento de menor tamaño que puede considerarse vivo. De este modo, puede clasificarse a los organismos vivos según el número que posean: si sólo tienen una, se les denomina unicelulares (como pueden ser los protozoos o las bacterias, organismos microscópicos); si poseen más, se les llama pluricelulares. En estos últimos el número de células es variable: de unos pocos cientos, como en algunos nematodos, a cientos de billones (1014), como en el caso del ser humano. Las células suelen poseer un tamaño de 10 µm y una masa de 1 ng, si bien existen células mucho mayores.

Charcoal-Like Substance: sustancia similar al carbón

Chemical: químico.

Chemical Fertilizer: químico utilizado para incentivar el crecimiento de plantas y frutas. Generalmente son aplicados a través de la tierra para que sean absortos por las raíces de las plantas o a través de “foliar feeding” para que sean absortos por las hojas.

Chemical Weed Killer: químico utilizado para matar y deshacerse de malas hierbas y hierbajos.

Chloroplasts: Los cloroplastos son los orgánulos celulares que en los organismos eucariontes fotosintetizadores se ocupan de la fotosíntesis. Están limitados por una envoltura formada por dos membranas concéntricas y contienen vesículas, los tilacoides, donde se encuentran organizados los pigmentos y demás moléculas que convierten la energía luminosa en energía química. El término cloroplastos sirve alternativamente para designar a cualquier plasto dedicado a la fotosíntesis, o específicamente a los plastos verdes propios de las algas verdes y las plantas.

Chrysanthemun Plant: crisantemo es un género de alrededor de 30 especies, de fanerógamas perennes en la familia Asteraceae, nativa de Asia y nordeste de Europa. En el mercado de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica se la nombra como "mum".

Clearinghouse: cámara de compensación (financiero). Repositorio (académico). Centro distribuidor de información.

Clover: Trifolium es un género que comprende unas 300 especies de plantas de la subfamilia de las faboideas, conocidas genéricamente como tréboles, ampliamente extendidas por las regiones templadas del hemisferio norte. Son por lo general hierbas de pequeño tamaño, de hojas característicamente divididas en tres lóbulos, característica que les da su nombre.

Coalition: coalicion.

Come Along: presentarse; progresar.

Composting: El compost, composta o compuesto (a veces también se le llama abono orgánico) es el producto que se obtiene del compostaje, y constituye un "grado medio" de descomposición de la materia orgánica, que ya es en sí un buen abono. Se denomina humus al "grado superior" de descomposición de la materia orgánica. El humus supera al compost en cuanto abono, siendo ambos orgánicos. Connective Tissue: Así entendidos, "los tejidos conjuntivos" concurren en la función primordial de sostén e integración sistémica del organismo. De esta forma, el TC participa de la cohesión o separación de los diferentes elementos tisulares que componen los órganos y sistemas; y también se convierte en un medio logístico a través del cual se distribuyen las estructuras vásculonerviosas.

Convert: convertir, remodelar, transformer.

Corn: El maíz, millo, elote, choclo o Zea mays (su nombre científico, en latín) es una gramínea anual originaria de las Américas introducida en Europa en el siglo XVI. Actualmente, es el cereal con mayor volumen de producción en el mundo, superando al trigo y el arroz. En la mayor parte de los países de América, el maíz constituye la base histórica de la alimentación regional y uno de los aspectos centrales de la cultura mesoamericana.

Gluten: es una glucoproteína engástica amorfa que se encuentra en la semilla de muchos cereales combinada con almidón. Representa un 80% de las proteínas del trigo y está compuesta de gliadina y glutenina. El gluten es responsable de la elasticidad de la masa de harina, lo que permite su fermentación, así como la consistencia elástica y esponjosa de los panes y masas horneadas.

Cost-Effective: (Adj) rentable.

Cow: Bos taurus es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Bovidae. Generalmente domésticos, aunque en algunos casos se han presentado en estado salvaje, se crían a lo largo y ancho del planeta por su carne, su leche y su piel. También se siguen empleando en los espectáculos taurinos en algunos países. La hembra es la vaca y el macho, el toro (si ha sido castrado se le llama buey). Las crías de la vaca son los terneros o becerros y los ejemplares jóvenes son conocidos como: añojos cuando cumplen un año, erales cuando tienen más de un año y no llegan a los dos, y novillos hasta la edad adulta (también nos podemos encontrar con que a los animales de más de dos años y menos de tres se les llame utreros y cuatreños cuando tienen cuatro). La cría y utilización de estos animales por parte del hombre se conoce como ganadería bovina

Crafty: astuto, vivo.

Crop: cultivo. Crop Production: producción de cultivo.

Crop Rotation: rotación de cultivos. Crushed: aplastado, prensado, machacado.

Cultivate: cultivar.

Curb: freno, restringir. To put a curb on sth: poner freno a algo, refrenar algo

Cut Down: cortar, talar.

Cut Of Meat: Cortes de carne.

Damage: (sustantivo) daño.

DDT : Tricloro-2,2-bis(4-clorofenil)-etano (según su antigua denominación Dicloro-difenil-tricloroetano, nomenclatura hoy incorrecta), de fórmula (ClC6H4)2CH(CCl3) es un compuesto organoclorado principal de los insecticidas. Es incoloro y cristalino. Es muy soluble en las grasas y en disolventes orgánicos, y prácticamente insoluble en agua. Su peso molecular es de 354 g/mol.

Decompose: descomponerse.

Dehisce: (verbo) apertura espontánea de un órgano vegetal una vez llegada a su madurez, vertiendo al exterior su contenido.

Dehiscence: En botánica, el término dehiscencia designa a la apertura espontánea de un órgano vegetal una vez llegada a su madurez, vertiendo al exterior su contenido. · Referido a muchos tipos de fruto, designa el momento en que éstos se abren para liberar la semilla y dispersarla; así se habla de dehiscencia loculicida cuando el fruto se abre por el nervio medio de los carpelos. · Refiriéndose a anteras, es el momento en que éstas se abren, liberando el polen. · En las plantas inferiores, se llama también dehiscencia a la apertura de los esporangios, lo que libera las esporas sexuales o asexuales.

Delonix : Delonix es un género de la subfamilia Caesalpinioideae dentro de la familia Fabaceae. Los componentes de este género de árboles son plantas de flores nativos de Madagascar y del este de África. El más conocido es el Delonix regia. Dense: denso, espeso, nutrido.

Depleted: empobrecido, reducido.

Dermatitis: dermatitis.

Derris : es un género de plantas de la familia Fabaceae con 209 especies, conocida por la leguminosa que nos llega de Asia sur-oriental y de las islas Nueva Guinea. Sus raíces contienen retenone un fuerte insecticida y veneno para los peces. También es conocido como polvo Derris, utilizado como insecticida orgánico para controlar los parásitos en las cosechas de guisantes. Sin embargo, algunos estudios revelan su extrema toxicidad. Aún así se vende comercialmente en los Estados Unidos.

Displace: desplazar, reemplazar, destituir.

Dozen: docena.

Dried: seco.

Edible: comestible.

Effective: efectivo, eficaz.

Emission: emisión, expulsión.

Energy: energía.

Environment: entorno, ambiente, medio.

Environmental Footprint: Impacto medioambiental.

EPA : La Agencia de Protección del Medio Ambiente de Estados Unidos (comúnmente conocida como EPA por sus siglas en inglés, algunas veces USEPA) es una agencia del gobierno federal de Estados Unidossalud humana y proteger el medio ambiente: aire, agua y suelo. Comprende cerca de 18,000 empleados a través de sus cuarteles generales, diez oficinas regionales y 17 laboratorios localizados a través de la nación. encargada de proteger la Eradicate: erradicar.

Ethanol: El compuesto químico etanol, conocido como alcohol etílico, es un alcohol que se presenta como un líquido incoloro e inflamable con un punto de ebullición de 78 °C. Al mezclarse con agua en cualquier proporción, da una mezcla azeotrópica. Exposure: exposición.

Eye Irritation: irritación del ojo.

Fabaceae: Las fabáceas (Fabaceae) o leguminosas (Leguminosae) son una familia de árboles, arbustos y hierbas perennes o anuales, fácilmente reconocibles por su fruto legumbre y sus hojas compuestas y estipuladas. Es una familia de distribución cosmopolita con aproximadamente 730 géneros y unas 19.400 especies, lo que la convierte en la tercera familia con mayor riqueza de especies luego de las compuestas (Asteraceae) y las orquídeas (Orchidaceae). Esta riqueza de especies se halla particularmente concentrada en las ramas de las mimosóideas y las fabóideas, ya que contienen cerca del 9,4% de la totalidad de las especies de las eudicotiledóneas. Se ha estimado que alrededor del 16% de todas las especies arbóreas en los bosques lluviosos neotropicales son miembros de esta familia. Asimismo, las Fabáceas son la familia más representada en los bosques tropicales lluviosos y en los bosques secos de América y África.

Fall Harvest: cosecha de otoño. En agricultura la cosecha se refiere a la recolección de los frutos, semillas u hortalizas de los campos en la época del año en que están maduros. La cosecha marca el final del crecimiento de una estación o el final del ciclo de un fruto en particular. El término cosechar en su uso general incluye también las acciones posteriores a la recolección del fruto propiamente dicha, tales como la limpieza, clasificación y embalado de lo recolectado hasta su almacenaje en la granja o su envío al mercado de venta al por mayor o al consumidor.

Farm: Una granja es una zona de tierra, incluyendo las diversas estructuras, dedicada principalmente a la práctica de la producción y gestión de la alimentación (producción, granos o ganado), fibras y cada vez más de combustible.. Es la planta de producción de base en la producción de alimentos.

Farm Animals: Animals de granja.

Farm Vehicle: vehículo de granja. Farmer: granjero.

Farming: agricultura. Feed: alimentar.

Fence: valla, cerca, alambrada.

Ferment: (sustantivo) fermento. (Proceso) fermentación.

Fertility: fertilidad.

Fertilizer: abono, fertilizante.

Field: campo, prado.

Firewood: leña. Flea Collar: collar de pulgas.

Foliage: La hoja (del latín folĭum), es el órgano vegetativo de las plantas vasculares primariamente especializadas para la fotosíntesis. Las hojas típicas son estructuras laminares o aciculares que contienen sobre todo tejido fotosintetizador, situado siempre al alcance de la luz. En las hojas se produce la mayor parte de la transpiración, provocándose así la aspiración que arrastra agua y nutrientes inorgánicos desde las raíces. Secundariamente las hojas pueden modificarse para almacenar agua o para otros propósitos Food: comida, alimento.

Forage: Forraje puede designar: · al alimento herbáceo que consume el ganado o pasto; · al pienso conservado hecho a base de plantas forrajeras: · el heno, hecho de pasto secado al sol, · los ensilajes, conservados a través de un proceso de fermentación; · Algunos árboles, los árboles forrajeros se utilizan para alimentar ganado. Bien por sus frutos, por sus hojas u otras partes comestibles.

Fossil Fuel: Combustible fósil La mayor parte de la energía empleada actualmente en el mundo proviene de los combustibles fósiles. Se los utiliza en transporte, para generar electricidad, para calentar ambientes, para cocinar, etc. Los combustibles fósiles son tres: petróleo, carbón y gas natural, y se formaron hace millones de años, a partir de restos orgánicos de plantas y animales muertos.

Frankia: es un género de bacterias filamentosas fijadoras de nitrógeno que viven en simbiosis con plantas actinoricicas, de forma similar a Rhizobia. Estas bacterias forman nódulos radiculares en forma de coral. A diferencia de la simbiosis que existe entre Rhizobia y las leguminosas, esta interacion mutualista es menos especifica.

Fruit: fruto, fruta.

Fuel: combustible.

Gasification: la Gasificación, que es un sistema que permite obtener combustible gaseoso a partir de combustibles sólidos como el carbón, la leña o casi cualquier residuo combustible. Al quemar la leña o el carbón de forma parcial se genera, entre otros gases, monóxido de carbono, que tiene algo de poder calorífico. Si se le añade agua también se puede generar hidrógeno.

Gather: recoger, recolectar.

Gene: Un gen es una secuencia lineal organizada de nucleótidos en la molécula de ADN (o ARN en el caso de algunos virus), que contiene la información necesaria para la síntesis de una macromolécula con función celular específica, normalmente proteínas, pero también ARNm, ARN ribosómico y ARN de transferencia.

Genetic Engineering: ingenieria genética.

Gleditsia: Gleditsia es un género de árboles de la familia de las leguminosas (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae), nativa de Norteamérica y Asia. El nombre científico honra a Gottlieb Gleditsch, director del Jardín Botánico de Berlín, quien falleció en 1786. Gluten: glucoproteína engástica amorfa que se encuentra en la semilla de muchos cereales combinada con almidón. Representa un 80% de las proteínas del trigo y está compuesta de gliadina y glutenina. El gluten es responsable de la elasticidad de la masa de harina, lo que permite su fermentación, así como la consistencia elástica y esponjosa de los panes y masas horneadas.

Goat: cabra.

Grain: grano, cereal.

Grass: Césped o pasto es el nombre común de una docena de especies de gramíneas (familia Poaceae) que crecen formando una cubierta densa, corta y uniforme. Se utilizan como plantas ornamentales en prados y jardines o como terreno para la práctica de diversos deportes y actividades recreativas.

Grassland: pradera.

Grazing Animal: animal de pastoreo.

Greenhouse: Un invernadero (o invernáculo) es una construcción de vidrio o plástico en la que se cultivan plantas, a mayor temperatura que en el exterior. En la jardinería antigua española, el invernadero se llamaba estufa fría. Aprovecha el efecto producido por la radiación solar que, al atravesar un vidrio u otro material traslúcido, calienta los objetos que hay adentro; estos, a su vez, emiten radiación infrarroja, con una longitud de onda mayor que la solar, por lo cual no pueden atravesar los vidrios a su regreso quedando atrapados y produciendo el calentamiento. Las emisiones del sol hacia la tierra son en onda corta mientras que de la tierra al exterior son en onda larga. La radiación visible puede traspasar el vidrio mientras que una parte de la infrarroja no lo puede hacer.

Grocery Store: tienda de comestibles.

Grow: crecer.

Growers: criadores.

Growth: crecimiento.

Gum Arabic: La goma arábiga (denominado E-414 en la industria alimenticia dentro de los Números E y acacia gum según la lista de aditivos de la Unión Europea) es un polisacárido de origen natural, se extrae de la resina de árboles subsaharianos (Acacia senegal y Acacia seyal) como parte del proceso de cicatrización de éstos conocido como gummosis. Esta resina de color ámbar se recolecta normalmente a mano una vez seca. Harmed: dañado. Harmful Chemicals: quimicos dañinos.

Harvest: cosecha, recoleccion.

Hay: El heno es hierba seca o legumbres secas, cortadas y utilizadas como alimento para los animales. Las flores de pasto también suelen ser parte de la mezcla. Las plantas que se utilizan comúnmente para el heno incluyen el ballico italiano (Lolium multiflorum) y el ballico (L. perenne), con mezclas de otras hierbas y tréboles (rojo, blanco y subterráneo). La avena, la cebada y el trigo también suelen formar parte del heno. En muchos países, la alfalfa constituye un heno de calidad superior, para el ganado bovino y los caballos.

Health: salud.

Herbaceous: herbáceo.

Herbicide: Un herbicida es un producto fitosanitario utilizado para matar plantas indeseadas. Los herbicidas selectivos matan ciertos objetivos, mientras preservan la cosecha relativamente indemne. Algunos actúan interferiendo con el crecimiento de las malas hierbas y se basan frecuentemente en las hormonas de las plantas. Los herbicidas utilizados para limpiar grandes terrenos no son selectivos y matan toda planta con la que entran en contacto.

Herbicide-Resistant Weed: semilla resistente a los herbicidas.

Higher-Yielding Crop: (preguntar a los chicos) High-yielding varieties (HYVs) are any of a group of genetically enhanced cultivars of crops such as rice, maize and wheat that have an increased growth rate, an increased percentage of usable plant parts or an increased resistance against crop diseases. Those crops formed the basis for the Green Revolution. In general, they require a higher level of agricultural care, such as intensive disease control, higher fertilizer levels and controlled water supply. While those crops have enabled the multiplication of agricultural production, their increased demands of fertilizers, pesticides and water control have drawn criticism from environmentalists. Another name is high-response variety, as the high yield requires high input.

Hoe: La azada es una herramienta utilizada generalmente en agricultura aunque también se usa para otras tareas. Está formada por una lámina con el borde frontal cortante relativamente afilado por un lado y un mango para sujetarla. Se utiliza básicamente para cavar y remover tierras previamente roturadas o blandas y mover montones de arena o cemento. La pala se suele fabricar de hierro, aunque también puede haberlas de madera.

Horticulture: La horticultura proviene etimológicamente de las palabras latinas hortus (jardín, huerta, planta) y cultura ("cultivo") clásicamente significaba «cultivo en huertas»; el término se aplica también a la producción de hortalizas e incluso a la producción comercial moderna.

Idigofera: Indigofera es un gran género de cerca de 700 especies de fanerógamas en la familia de las Fabaceae. Se hallan en regiones tropical y subtropical del mundo, y pocas especies en zonas templadas de este de Asia. Son mayormente arbustos, aunque hay herbáceas, y pocas son pequeños árboles de 5-6 m de altura; muchos son deciduos de estación seca o invierno. Hojas pinnadas 5-31 foliolos, presente el foliolo terminal; miden de 3-25 cm de largo. Flores pequeñas, en racimos de 2-15 cm de largo.

Ignite: encender.

In Vitro Meat: carne de animal que nunca formó parte de un animal vivo completo. Consiste en células de carne natural y puede permitir la producción de carne normal en una forma más sana y segura, teniendo un impacto menor en el medio ambiente. Incubator: incubadora.

Indigo: El color añil, también conocido como índigo, corresponde a una longitud de onda de la luz de 4500 a 4770 Å, o entre 450 y 477 nm, se encuentra entre el azul y el violeta.

Insect: Los insectos (Insecta, en latín, literalmente "cortado en medio") son una clase de animalesinvertebrados, del filo de los artrópodos, caracterizados por presentar un par de antenas, tres pares de patas y dos pares de alas (que, no obstante, pueden reducirse o faltar). La ciencia que estudia los insectos se denomina entomología.

Tillage: Labrar la tierra es la operación agrícola consistente en trazar surcos más o menos profundos con una herramienta de mano o con un arado. La acción de labrar la tierra mediante un arado es referida como arar. La palabra labrar deriva del latín laborare, que tenía el significado genérico de trabajar.

Iron: El hierro o fierro (en la mayoría de los países hispanoparlantes se usa fierro) es un elemento químico de número atómico 26 situado en el grupo 8, periodo 4 de la tabla periódica de los elementos. Su símbolo es Fe (del latin ferrum) y tiene una masa atómica de 55,6 u.

Lice: Los ftirápteros o piojos (Phthiraptera) son un orden de insectos neópteros sin alas, que incluye unas 3.250 especies. Son todos ectoparásitos hematófagos obligados de aves y mamíferos, a excepción de los monotremas (el ornitorrinco y los equidnas) y algunos órdenes de euterios, como los quirópteros (murciélagos), los cetáceos (ballenas y delfines) y folidotos (pangolines). Los huevos de piojo se conocen como liendres. Los piojos adhieren sus huevos al pelo de su huésped.

Kochia: Kochia es un género de plantas fanerógamas con 120 especies pertenecientes a la familia Amaranthaceae.

Laborer: peon, trabajador agrícola.

Laburnum: es un género de 39 especies de árboles pequeños de la subfamilia Faboideae de la familia Fabaceae, Laburnum anagyroides (Laburnum Común) y L. alpinum (Alpine Laburnum). Son plantas nativas de las montañas del Sur de Europa desde Francia hasta la Península Balcánica. Algunos botánicos incluyen una tercera especie, Laburnum caramanicum, pero esta que es nativa del Sureste de Europa y de Asia Menor se sitúa en un género diferente Podocytisus, aliado más próximo de Cytisus y de Genista.

Leaf: (pl. leaves) La hoja (del latín folĭum), es el órgano vegetativo de las plantas vasculares primariamente especializadas para la fotosíntesis. Las hojas típicas son estructuras laminares o aciculares que contienen sobre todo tejido fotosintetizador, situado siempre al alcance de la luz. En las hojas se produce la mayor parte de la transpiración, provocándose así la aspiración que arrastra agua y nutrientes inorgánicos desde las raíces. Secundariamente las hojas pueden modificarse para almacenar agua o para otros propósitos.

Legume: Se denomina legumbre (del latín legumen) a un tipo de fruto seco, también llamado comúnmente vaina o capi. Así mismo reciben tal nombre las semillas comestibles que crecen y maduran dentro de este fruto y a las plantas que las producen. Las legumbres constituyen un grupo de alimentos muy homogéneo, formado por los frutos secos de las leguminosas, siendo dehiscentes, desarrollados a partir del gineceo, de un solo carpelo y que se abre tanto por la sutura ventral como por el nervio dorsal, en dos valvas y con las semillas en una hilera ventral. Estas vainas suelen ser rectas y carnosas. Por lo general poseen una carne interior esponjosa, aterciopelada y de color blanco. Su parte interna corresponde al mesocarpio y al endocarpio del fruto.

Lentis: es lentis o lentil?

Leucaena: eucaena es un género de cerca de 24 especies de árboles y arbustos, distribuidos de Texas, EE. UU.Perú , Paraguay. Pertenece a la subfamilia de las Mimosoideae de la familia de leguminosas Fabaceae. a Algunas spp. (como la Leucaena leucocephala) tiene frutos y semillas comestibles, usadas en alimentación forrajera animal, en abonos verdes, conservación de suelos, semillas para collares, fuente vegetal de aceite combustible para energía (1 millón de barriles de aceite/año (de 120 km²), antielmíntico en Sumatra, Indonesia.

Light: Luz.

Livestock: El ganado es el conjunto de animales criados por el ser humano, sobre todo mamíferos, para la producción de carne y sus derivados que serán utilizados en la alimentación humana. La actividad humana encargada del ganado es la ganadería.

Llama: (Lama glama) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Camelidae. Es un gran animalAndes, Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego en Argentina, Bolivia, Chile (incluyendo la isla Navarino), noroeste de Paraguay y sur del Perú; domesticado en el sur del Perú, oeste de Bolivia y noroeste de Argentina.

Loblolly Pine: El pino taeda (Pinus taeda) es otro más de las especies de pinos nativos del sudeste estadounidense. Los árboles llegan a una altura de 30-35 m con un diámetro de 4-15 dm. Ejemplares excepcionales pueden llegar a 45 m de altura, el más alto de los pinos del sur. Sus agujas se reunen de a tres, a veces retorcidos, de 12-22 cm de long., una longitud intermedia para pinos del sur, y más corta que aquellas de los Pinus palustris o Pinus elliottii, pero más largas que las de Pinus echinata y Pinus glabra. Los conos son verdes, y maduran a pardo pálido, de 7-13 cm de largo, 2-3 cm de ancho cuando cerrados, abiertos 4-6 cm de ancho, cada escama con una espina roma de 3-6 mm.

Lodge: casa de campo Lupins: es un género botánico de leguminosas con alrededor de 200 especies originarias del Mediterráneo (subgénero Lupinus) y de América (subgénero Platycarpos (Watson) Kurl.) Las plantas de este género son llamadas altramuz, chocho, lupín o lupino. Tienen usos en alimentación humana y animal y también como plantas ornamentales.

Lypid: Los lípidos son un conjunto de moléculas orgánicas, la mayoría biomoléculas, compuestas principalmente por carbono e hidrógeno y en menor medida oxígeno, aunque también pueden contener fósforo, azufre y nitrógeno, que tienen como característica principal el ser hidrofóbicas o insolubles en agua y sí en disolventesbencina, el alcohol, el benceno y el cloroformo. En el uso coloquial, a los lípidos se les llama incorrectamente orgánicos como la grasas, ya que las grasas son sólo un tipo de lípidos procedentes de animales. Los lípidos cumplen funciones diversas en los organismos vivientes, entre ellas la de reserva energética (triglicéridos), la estructural (fosfolípidos de las bicapas) y la reguladora (esteroides).

Lysine: La lisina (abreviada Lys o K) es un aminoácido componente de las proteínas sintetizadas por los seres vivos. Es uno de los 8 aminoácidos esenciales para los seres humanos.

Manure: Estiércol es el nombre con el que se denominan los excrementos de los animales que se utilizan para fertilizar los cultivos. En ocasiones el estiércol está constituido por excrementos de animales y restos de las camas, como sucede con la paja. El lugar donde se vierte o deposita el estiércol es el estercolero.

Maximize: maximizar.

Measure: medida.

Medicine: medicina.

Membrane: membrana.

Mesquite: Mezquite (del Náhuatl mizquitl) son especies botánicas de plantas leguminosas del género Prosopis, en EE. UU., de la frontera con México en Texas al sudoeste de Kansas y del sudeste de California al sudoeste de Utah y el límite sur del desierto de Sonora. Los árboles de mezquite están también en el desierto de Chihuahua de México. Hay un mezquite mediterráneo en las estepas de Siria y el norte de Iraq. La sp. Prosopis pallida fue introducida a Hawái en 1828, y ahora es muy común en las costas más secas de las islas: es el árbol kiawe que es fuente primaria de la producción de mielmonoflora.

Method Micronutrient: los micronutrientes son las sustancias indispensables para los procesos mecano cuánticos y metabólicos que el organismo necesita en pequeñas dosis. Desempeñan importantes funciones catalizadoras en el metabolismo como cofactores enzimáticos, al formar parte de la estructura de numerosas enzimas (grupos prostéticos) o al acompañarlas (coenzimas). En los animales engloba las vitaminas y minerales y estos últimos se dividen en minerales y oligoelementos. Estos últimos se necesitan en una dosis aún menor.

Migrant Laborer: trabajador migratorio.

Mimosa: es un género que incluye plantas herbáceas, arbustos, y árboles, dentro de la subfamilia de las Mimosóideas de las Leguminosas. La especie más curiosa del género es Mimosa pudica, conocida simplemente como "mimosa" o sensitiva, debido al modo en que mueve su follaje al ser tocado o expuesto al calor; pero hay muchas otras especies que también lo hacen al atardecer. El género se distribuye desde el sur de México, hasta Uruguay y Argentina, pasando por América Central, y es ampliamente usado como ornamental, tanto en interiores como en áreas templadas, y en exteriores en los trópicos. Su cultivo la ha hecho una maleza invadiendo muchas áreas, notablemente en Hawaii.

Mitigate: mitigar, atenuar.

Mode of Action: modo de acción.

Monitoring Network: Red de supervisión.

Mother Nature: Naturaleza.

Mulch: Acolchado o mulching, es el término utilizado en jardinería y agricultura para referirse a la cubierta protectora que se extiende sobre el suelo, principalmente para modificar los efectos del clima local. Existe una amplia variedad de materiales, tanto naturales como sintéticos, para este propósito.

Muscle Cell: célula muscular.

Myzotrophy: A mycotroph is a plant that gets all or part of its carbon, water, and/or nutrient supply through symbiotic association with fungi. The term can refer to plants that engage in either of two distinct symbioses with fungi: · Many mycotrophs have a mutualistic association with fungi in any of several forms of mycorrhiza. The majority of plant species are mycotrophic in this sense. · Some mycotrophs are parasitic upon fungi in an association known as myco-heterotrophy.

Es una planta que obtiene todo o parte de su carbon, agua y/o suministro de nutrientes a traves de asociacion simbiotica con hongos. El termino se puede referir a plantas que se enlazan en cualquiera de dos distintos tipos de simbiosiscon hongos.

Natural Treatment: tratamiento natural.

Nerve Agent: también conocidos como gases nerviosos, son una calse de fósforo que contiene químicos orgánicos los cuales perturban el mecanismo gracias al cual los nervios transmiten mensajes a los órganos.

Niacine: La vitamina B3, niacina, ácido nicotínico o vitamina PP es una vitamina hidrosoluble cuyos derivados, NADH y NAD+, y NADPH y NADP+, juegan roles esenciales en el metabolismo energético de la célula y de la reparación de ADN. La designación vitamina B3 también incluye a la correspondiente amida, la nicotinamida, o niacinamida, con fórmula química C6H6NO2. Dentro de las funciones de la Niacina se incluyen la remoción de químicos tóxicos del cuerpo y la participación en la producción de hormonas esteroideas sintetizadas por la glándula adrenal, como son las hormonas sexuales y las hormonas relacionadas con el estrés.

Nitrogen: El nitrógeno es un elemento químico, de número atómico 7, símbolo N y que en condiciones normales forma un gas diatómico (nitrógeno diatómico o molecular) que constituye del orden del 78% del aire atmosférico. En ocasiones es llamado ázoe —antiguamente se usó también Az como símbolo del nitrógeno.

Nodule: nódulo.

Nonprofit: sin fines lucrativos.

Nutritious Soup: sopa nutritiva.

Oats: Avena sativa es una especie fanerógama perteneciente a la familia Poaceae. Es un cereal muy común que se cultiva en zonas templadas de todo el mundo. Esta planta tiene un tallo de 5-10 dm de altura y las hojas son alternas, lanceoladas y planas. Tiene una panícula con espigas de 2 cm de largo. El fruto es el cereal utilizado en todo el mundo como alimento.

Optimize: optimizar.

Organic Agriculture: La agricultura ecológica, o sus sinónimos orgánica o biológica, es un sistema para cultivar una explotación agrícola autónoma basada en la utilización óptima de los recursos naturales, sin emplear productos químicos de síntesis, u organismos genéticamente modificados (OGMs) -ni para abono ni para combatir las plagas-, logrando de esta forma obtener alimentos orgánicos a la vez que se conserva la fertilidad de la tierra y se respeta el medio ambiente. Todo ello de manera sostenible y equilibrada.

Organophosphate: Los organofosforados son un grupo de quimicos usados como plaguicidas artificiales aplicados para controlar las poblaciones plagas de insectos. La segunda guerra mundial trajo aparejada una gran revolución de la industria química. En dicho marco aparecieron los organofosforados como desarrollo exclusivamente militar (gases neurotóxicos) y luego de la guerra, con un amplio uso agrícola. Así aparecieron en los 50's el paratión y el malatión, organofosforados que se consolidaron como insecticidas principalmente agrícolas y su uso se incrementó enormemente con la prohibición del uso de los organoclorados.

Osmotrophy: En biología se llama osmotrofia al comportamiento de aquellas células u organismos que obtienen los nutrientes por absorción osmótica de sustancias disueltas. Lo contrario es fagotrofia, que es la captación de nutrientes por endocitosis, ya sean partículas (fagocitosis) o porciones del líquido circundante (pinocitosis). Se llama mixotrofia la práctica combinada de osmotrofia y fagotrofia

Pack: (sustantivo): fardo. (verbo) empaquetar, envasar.

Paddock: potrero, parquet.

Pass Through: atravesar.

Pasture: En agricultura, pasto es cualquier comestible con base vegetal empleado específicamente en la nutriciónvacas, ovejas o cerdos. animal de ganado, como el caso de El pasto por definición es de origen vegetal, si bien el producto ingerido por los animales puede ser un derivado procesado al cual se hayan añadido minerales o restos animales. Para acentuar la calidad nutritiva del pasto se busca una naturaleza compensada entre leguminosas y gramíneas, de modo que se produzca complementación proteica.

Peanut: De nombre científico Arachis hypogaea, y conocido popularmente como maní (voz taína), cacahuate (voz náhuatl) (sólo en México) o cacahuete (sólo en España), el maní es una planta anual de la familia de los guisantes o arvejas (Fabaceae), cuyos frutos, de tipo legumbre contienen semillas apreciadas en la gastronomía. Pero se considera mundialmente como un "fruto seco" Peas: El guisante, alverja, arveja o chícharo (Pisum sativum) es la pequeña semilla comestible de la planta que se cultiva para su producción y de algunas variedades de la cual, como la llamada "tirabeque", se pueden consumir las propias vainas por ser muy tiernas. La planta posee un sistema vegetativo poco desarrollado aunque con una raíz pivotante que tiende a profundizar bastante. Las hojas están formadas por pares de foliolos terminados en zarcillos. Las inflorescencias nacen arracimadas en brácteas foliáceas que se insertan en las axilas de las hojas. Las semillas (guisantes) se encuentran en vainas de entre 5 a 10 cm de largo que contienen entre 4 y 10 unidades.

Pest: peste, plaga.

Pesticide: pesticida, insecticida.

Pesticide Chemical:

Pet: mascota.

Phagotrophy: modo de nutrición por el cual se ingesta comida particular.

Phosphorus: fósforo. Elemento químico que tiene el símbolo P y número atómico 15.

Photoautotrophic: Organismos (por lo general plantas) que llevan a cabo la fotosíntesis para adquirir energía.

Photosynthetic: fotosintético (derivado de la fotosíntesis).

Phyllids: hoja del musgo.

Plants: plantas.

Pod: vaina.

Poison Hotline: Numero de teléfono al que se llama en caso de envenenamiento.

Pond Scum: algas de estanque.

Primary Food Source: Fuente de alimentación primaria.

Process: proceso.

Produce: producir.

Productive: productivo.

Protein: proteína. Protozoa: micoroorganismo clasificado como eucariota unicelular.

Pulse: legumbre.

Pyrethrin : compuesto orgánico natural que tiene actividad insecticida potente.

Pyrolysis: descomposición química a través de calentamiento de sustancias orgánicas condensadas.

Quality: calidad.

Rain: lluvia.

Red Pine: pino que tiene hojas perennes y se caracteriza por su altura y por su crecimiento en una variedad de habitats. Generalmente mide 20-35 metros y su tronco posee 1 metro de diámetro pero en condiciones óptimas, puede alcanzar hasta 43 metros de altura. Su corteza es gruesa y de un color entre grisáceo y marrón en la base del árbol, pero finita y de un brillante color entre colorado y naranja en la copa superior. Es un árbol que se poda solo; generalmente no hay ramas muertas, y los pinos más viejos pueden tener largas longitudes de tronco sin ramas. Esta especie es intolerante a la sombra, pero le va muy bien en sitios ventosos y crece mejor en tierras bien drenadas.

Regulate: regular.

Reintroduce: reintroducir.

Remove: remover.

Renewable: renovable.

Replanting: re-plantar.

Replenish: rellenar; llenar; abastecer

Residue: residuo; sobrante; resto

Respiratory System: sistema respiratorio.

Rhizobia: bacterias de la tierra que fijan nitrógeno (diazotrophy) luego de haberse introducido en los nódulos de raíz de las legumbres (fabáceas).

Rhizoids: estructuras en plantas, fungi y otros organismos que funcionan como una raíz para absorber o sostener.

Rice: arroz.

Roach: cucaracha

Roach Spray: rociador de cucarachas(veneno).

Robinia: género de plantas perteneciente a la familia fabáceas.

Root: raíz.

Rotational Grazing: mover el ganado periódicamente a cercados frescos para permitir que el pasto y la hierba crezcan de nuevo.

Rotenone: químico inodoro usado como insecticida y pesticida.

Scatter: (sustantivo) esparcimiento; dispersión (verbo) diseminar; esparcir; desparramar

Scenario: perspectiva, posibilidad, escenario.

Scientist: científico.

Seaweed: algamarina; incluye algunos miembros de las algas rojar, marrones y verdes.

Seed: (sustantivo) semilla (verbo) sembrar

Sequester: apartar; separar Sesbania: género de fanerógamas perteneciente a la familia de las leguminosas

Sheep: ovejas.

Shrub: arbusto; mata

Skin: piel.

Skin-Type Reaction:

Soil: Tierra.

Soil Conservation: conservación del suelo.

Source: fuente.

Speed: velocidad.

Spread: esparcir, extender, deplegar.

Stabilize: estabilizar.

Stable: (adjetivo) estable. (Sustantivo) establo.

Staple: materia prima

Starch: almidón, fécula.

Stem: (de las plantas): tallo. (de las hojas): pecíolo. (de las frutas):pedúnculo.

Substantial: sustancial.

Subtle: sutil.

Sugarbeet: remolacha.

Sunlight: luz solar.

Supress: reprimir, suprimir, contenter.

Surplus: excedente.

Surplus Tree:

Survive: sobrevivir.

Symbiosis: Simbiosis, es la relación estrecha entre organismos de distintas especies. A los organismos involucrados se les denomina simbiontes. El botánico alemán Anton de Bary en 1873 (o 1879, según autores) acuñó el término “simbiosis” para describir la estrecha relación de organismos de diferente tipo. Concretamente la definió como «la vida en conjunción de dos organismos disimilares, normalmente en íntima asociación, y por lo general con efectos benéficos para al menos uno de ellos.

Symptom: síntoma.

Tamarind: El tamarindo (del árabe تمر هندي tamr hindī, dátil de la India) es un árbol tropical, originario del este de África pero que ahora existe en gran parte de Asia tropical así como Latinoamérica. El árbol puede llegar a medir hasta 20 m de altura. Las hojas del tamarindo tienen por lo general de 10 a 18 foliolos. El árbol produce unos frutos marrones parecidos a bolsas, que contienen una pulpa y están cubiertas, y dentro de ellas se encuentran las semillas. Las semillas pueden ser raspadas para acelerar la germinación.

Test: ensayo; experimento

Tillage: cultivo, labranza.

Timber: madera; árboles del monte

Tissue: tejido

Track:

Trade-Off (sustantivo): compensación. (verbo): sacrificar una cosa por otra.

Troublesome: problemático.

Tumbleweed: planta rodadora.

Undesirable: indeseable.

Usable: algo capaz de ser usado

Vetch: algarroba, arveja. Vicia (vezo) es un gran género de cerca de 140 especies de fanerógamas de la familia Fabaceae, nativa de Europa, Asia, África. Una especie, Vicia faba, haba o habichuela, es cultivada para consumo humano, mientras un número de otras especies Vicia sativa, Vicia ervilia, Vicia articulata, Vicia narbonensis se cultivan como forraje y grano de legumbre para ganadería o abono verde. Vicia villosa, Vicia benghalensis y Vicia pannonica se cultivan para forraje y abono verde. Otras especies son de flores salvajes. Algunas han sido identificadas como fuentes de proteínas inusuales, como lectinas [proteína que da azúcares específicos.

Waste: excremento

Waste Center:

Weed: mala hierba; yerbajo

White Pine: pino blanco.

Wild Oat: Avena es un género de plantas de la familia de las poáceas, utilizada como alimento y como forrajeanimales. para los Wildfire: fuego arrasador, incendio fuera de control.

Wind: viento.

Windbreak: plantación generalmente hecha de una o más filas de árboles plantados de cierta manera para funcionar como refugio del viento y para proteger a la tierra de la erosión.

Withstand: resistir, soportar.

Wood: Madera.

Yard

Yesteryear: antaño.

Yield: producir.

Zinc: zinc o cinc. Elemento químico de número atómico 30 y símbolo Zn situado en el grupo 12 de la tabla periódica de los elementos.

A rose for Emily

2010-02-08T06:58:00.000-08:00

A Rose for Emily (1930)
by William Faulkner

I
WHEN Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral: the men through a sort of
respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house, which no one save an old man-servant--a combined gardener and cook--had seen in at least ten years.
It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been our most select street. But garages and cotton gins had encroached and obliterated even the august names of that neighborhood; only Miss Emily's house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps--an eyesore among eyesores. And now Miss Emily had gone to join the representatives of those august names where they lay in the cedar-bemused cemetery among the ranked and anonymous graves of Union and Confederate soldiers who fell at the battle of Jefferson.
Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town, dating from that day in 1894 when Colonel Sartoris, the mayor--he who fathered the edict that no Negro woman should appear on the streets without an apron-remitted her taxes, the dispensation dating from the death of her father on into perpetuity. Not that Miss Emily would have accepted charity. Colonel Sartoris invented an involved tale to the effect that Miss Emily's father had loaned money to the town, which the town, as a matter of business, preferred this way of repaying. Only a man of Colonel Sartoris' generation and thought could have invented it, and only a woman could have believed it.
When the next generation, with its more modern ideas, became mayors and aldermen, this arrangement created some little dissatisfaction. On the first of the year they mailed her a tax notice. February came, and there was no reply. They wrote her a formal letter, asking her to call at the sheriff's office at her convenience. A week later the mayor wrote her himself, offering to call or to send his car for her, and received in reply a note on paper of an archaic shape, in a thin, flowing calligraphy in faded ink, to the effect that she no longer went out at all. The tax notice was also enclosed, without comment.
They called a special meeting of the Board of Aldermen. A deputation waited upon her, knocked at the door through which no visitor had passed since she ceased giving china-painting lessons eight or ten years earlier. They were admitted by the old Negro into a dim hall from which a stairway mounted into still more shadow. It smelled of dust and disuse--a close, dank smell. The Negro led them into the parlor. It was furnished in heavy, leather-covered furniture. When the Negro opened the blinds of one window, they could see that the leather was cracked; and when they sat down, a faint dust rose sluggishly about their thighs, spinning with slow motes in the single sun-ray. On a tarnished gilt easel before the fireplace stood a crayon portrait of Miss Emily's father.
They rose when she entered--a small, fat woman in black, with a thin gold chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her belt, leaning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head. Her skeleton was small and spare; perhaps that was why what would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her.
She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough as they moved from one face to another while the visitors stated their errand.
She did not ask them to sit. She just stood in the door and listened quietly until the spokesman came to a stumbling halt. Then they could hear the invisible watch ticking at the end of the gold chain.
Her voice was dry and cold. "I have no taxes in Jefferson. Colonel Sartoris explained it to me. Perhaps one of you can gain access to the city records and satisfy yourselves." "But we have. We are the city authorities, Miss Emily. Didn't you get a notice from the sheriff, signed by him?"
"I received a paper, yes," Miss Emily said. "Perhaps he considers himself the sheriff . . . I have no taxes in Jefferson."
"But there is nothing on the books to show that, you see We must go by the--" "See Colonel Sartoris. I have no taxes in Jefferson." "But, Miss Emily--" "See Colonel Sartoris." (Colonel Sartoris had been dead almost ten years.) "I have no taxes in Jefferson. Tobe!" The Negro appeared. "Show these gentlemen out."

II
SO SHE vanquished them, horse and foot, just as she had vanquished their fathers thirty years before about the smell. That was two years after her father's death and a short time after her sweetheart--the one we believed would marry her --had deserted her. After her father's death she went out very little; after her sweetheart went away, people hardly saw her at all. A few of the ladies had the temerity to call, but were not received, and the only sign of life about the place was the Negro man--a young man then--going in and out with a market basket.
"Just as if a man--any man--could keep a kitchen properly, "the ladies said; so they were not surprised when the smell developed. It was another link between the gross, teeming world and the high and mighty Griersons.
A neighbor, a woman, complained to the mayor, Judge Stevens, eighty years old.
"But what will you have me do about it, madam?" he said. "Why, send her word to stop it," the woman said. "Isn't there a law? " "I'm sure that won't be necessary," Judge Stevens said. "It's probably just a snake or a rat that nigger of hers killed in the yard. I'll speak to him about it."
The next day he received two more complaints, one from a man who came in diffident deprecation. "We really must do something about it, Judge. I'd be the last one in the world to bother Miss Emily, but we've got to do something." That night the Board of Aldermen met--three graybeards and one younger man, a member of the rising generation.
"It's simple enough," he said. "Send her word to have her place cleaned up. Give her a certain time to do it in, and if she don't. .." "Dammit, sir," Judge Stevens said, "will you accuse a lady to her face of smelling bad?" So the next night, after midnight, four men crossed Miss Emily's lawn and slunk about the house like burglars, sniffing along the base of the brickwork and at the cellar openings while one of them performed a regular sowing motion with his hand out of a sack slung from his shoulder. They broke open the cellar door and sprinkled lime there, and in all the outbuildings. As they recrossed the lawn, a window that had been dark was lighted and Miss Emily sat in it, the light behind her, and her upright torso motionless as that of an idol. They crept quietly across the lawn and into the shadow of the locusts that lined the street. After a week or two the smell went away.
That was when people had begun to feel really sorry for her. People in our town, remembering how old lady Wyatt, her great-aunt, had gone completely crazy at last, believed that the Griersons held themselves a little too high for what they really were. None of the young men were quite good enough for Miss Emily and such. We had long thought of them as a tableau, Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door. So when she got to be thirty and was still single, we were not pleased exactly, but vindicated; even with insanity in the family she wouldn't have turned down all of her chances if they had really materialized.
When her father died, it got about that the house was all that was left to her; and in a way, people were glad. At last they could pity Miss Emily. Being left alone, and a pauper, she had become humanized. Now she too would know the old thrill and the old despair of a penny more or less. The day after his death all the ladies prepared to call at the house and offer condolence and aid, as is our custom Miss Emily met them at the door, dressed as usual and with no trace of grief on her face. She told them that her father was not dead. She did that for three days, with the ministers calling on her, and the doctors, trying to persuade her to let them dispose of the body. Just as they were about to resort to law and force, she broke down, and they buried her father quickly.
We did not say she was crazy then. We believed she had to do that. We remembered all the young men her father had driven away, and we knew that with nothing left, she would have to cling to that which had robbed her, as people will.

III
SHE WAS SICK for a long time. When we saw her again, her hair was cut short, making her look like a girl, with a vague resemblance to those angels in colored church windows--sort of tragic and serene. The town had just let the contracts for paving the sidewalks, and in the summer after her father's death they began the work. The construction company came with riggers and mules and machinery, and a foreman named Homer Barron, a Yankee--a big, dark, ready man, with a big voice and eyes lighter than his face. The little boys would follow in groups to hear him cuss the riggers, and the riggers singing in time to the rise and fall of picks. Pretty soon he knew everybody in town. Whenever you heard a lot of laughing anywhere about the square, Homer Barron would be in the center of the group. Presently we began to see him and Miss Emily on Sunday afternoons driving in the yellow-wheeled buggy and the matched team of bays from the livery stable.
At first we were glad that Miss Emily would have an interest, because the ladies all said, "Of course a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer." But there were still others, older people, who said that even grief could not cause a real lady to forget noblesse oblige--without calling it noblesse oblige. They just said, "Poor Emily. Her kinsfolk should come to her." She had some kin in Alabama; but years ago her father had fallen out with them over the estate of old lady Wyatt, the crazy woman, and there was no communication between the two families. They had not even been represented at the funeral.
And as soon as the old people said, "Poor Emily," the whispering began. "Do you suppose it's really so?" they said to one another. "Of course it is. What else could . . ." This behind their hands; rustling of craned silk and satin behind jalousies closed upon the sun of Sunday afternoon as the thin, swift clop-clop-clop of the matched team passed: "Poor Emily."
She carried her head high enough--even when we believed that she was fallen. It was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson; as if it had wanted that touch of earthiness to reaffirm her imperviousness. Like when she bought the rat poison, the arsenic. That was over a year after they had begun to say "Poor Emily," and while the two female cousins were visiting her. "I want some poison," she said to the druggist. She was over thirty then, still a slight woman, though thinner than usual, with cold, haughty black eyes in a face the flesh of which was strained across the temples and about the eyesockets as you imagine a lighthouse-keeper's face ought to look. "I want some poison," she said.
"Yes, Miss Emily. What kind? For rats and such? I'd recom--" "I want the best you have. I don't care what kind." The druggist named several. "They'll kill anything up to an elephant. But what you want is--" "Arsenic," Miss Emily said. "Is that a good one?"
"Is . . . arsenic? Yes, ma'am. But what you want--" "I want arsenic." The druggist looked down at her. She looked back at him, erect, her face like a strained flag. "Why, of course," the druggist said. "If that's what you want. But the law requires you to tell what you are going to use it for."
Miss Emily just stared at him, her head tilted back in order to look him eye for eye, until he looked away and went and got the arsenic and wrapped it up. The Negro delivery boy brought her the package; the druggist didn't come back. When she opened the package at home there was written on the box, under the skull and bones: "For rats."

IV
SO THE NEXT day we all said, "She will kill herself"; and we said it would be the best thing. When she had first begun to be seen with Homer Barron, we had said, "She will marry him." Then we said, "She will persuade him yet," because Homer himself had remarked--he liked men, and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elks' Club--that he was not a marrying man. Later we said, "Poor Emily" behind the jalousies as they passed on Sunday afternoon in the glittering buggy, Miss Emily with her head high and Homer Barron with his hat cocked and a cigar in his teeth, reins and whip in a yellow glove. Then some of the ladies began to say that it was a disgrace to the town and a bad example to the young people. The men did not want to interfere, but at last the ladies forced the Baptist minister--Miss Emily's people were Episcopal-- to call upon her. He would never divulge what happened during that interview,
but he refused to go back again. The next Sunday they again drove about the streets, and the following day the minister's wife wrote to Miss Emily's relations in Alabama. So she had blood-kin under her roof again and we sat back to watch developments. At first nothing
happened. Then we were sure that they were to be married. We learned that Miss Emily had been to the jeweler's and ordered a man's toilet set in silver, with the letters H. B. on each piece. Two days later we learned that she had bought a complete outfit of men's clothing, including a nightshirt, and we said, "They are married." We were really glad. We were glad because the two female cousins were even more Grierson than Miss Emily had ever been.
So we were not surprised when Homer Barron--the streets had been finished some time since--was gone.
We were a little disappointed that there was not a public blowing-off, but we believed that he had gone on to prepare for Miss Emily's coming, or to give her a chance to get rid of the cousins. (By that time it was a cabal, and we were all Miss Emily's allies to help circumvent the cousins.) Sure enough, after another week they departed. And, as we had expected all along, within three days Homer Barron was back in town. A neighbor saw the Negro man admit him at the kitchen door at dusk one evening. And that was the last we saw of Homer Barron. And of Miss Emily for some time. The Negro man went in and out with the market basket, but the front door remained closed. Now and then we would see her at a window for a moment, as the men did that night when they sprinkled the lime, but for almost six months she did not appear on the streets. Then we knew that this was to be expected too; as if that quality of her father which had thwarted her woman's life so many times had been too virulent and too furious to die.
When we next saw Miss Emily, she had grown fat and her hair was turning gray. During the next few years it grew grayer and grayer until it attained an even pepper-and-salt iron-gray, when it ceased turning. Up to the day of her death at seventy-four it was still that vigorous iron-gray, like the hair of an active man. From that time on her front door remained closed, save for a period of six or seven years, when she was about forty, during which she gave lessons in china-painting. She fitted up a studio in one of the downstairs rooms, where the daughters and granddaughters of Colonel Sartoris' contemporaries were sent to her with the same regularity and in the same spirit that they were sent to church on Sundays with a twenty-five-cent piece for the collection plate. Meanwhile her taxes had been remitted. Then the newer generation became the backbone and the spirit of the town, and the painting pupils grew up and fell away and did not send their children to her with boxes of color and tedious brushes and pictures cut from the ladies' magazines. The front door closed upon the last one and remained closed for
good. When the town got free postal delivery, Miss Emily alone refused to let them fasten the metal numbers above her door and attach a mailbox to it. She would not listen to them.
Daily, monthly, yearly we watched the Negro grow grayer and more stooped, going in and out with the market basket. Each December we sent her a tax notice, which would be returned by the post office a week later, unclaimed. Now and then we would see her in one of the downstairs windows--she had evidently shut up the top floor of the house--like the carven torso of an idol in a niche, looking or not looking at us, we could never tell which. Thus she passed from generation to generation--dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and perverse. And so she died. Fell ill in the house filled with dust and shadows, with only a doddering Negro man to wait on her. We did not even know she was sick; we had long since given up trying to get any information from the Negro He talked to no one, probably not even to her, for his voice had grown harsh and rusty, as if from disuse. She died in one of the downstairs rooms, in a heavy walnut bed with a curtain, her gray head propped on a pillow yellow and moldy with age and lack of sunlight.

V
THE NEGRO met the first of the ladies at the front door and let them in, with their hushed, sibilant voices and their quick, curious glances, and then he disappeared. He walked right through the house and out the back and was not seen again. The two female cousins came at once. They held the funeral on the second day, with the town coming to look at Miss Emily beneath a mass of bought flowers, with the crayon face of her father musing profoundly above the bier and the ladies sibilant and macabre; and the very old men --some in their brushed Confederate uniiforms--on the porch and the lawn, talking of Miss Emily as if she had been a
contemporary of theirs, believing that they had danced with her and courted her perhaps, confusing time with its mathematical progression, as the old do, to whom all the past is not a diminishing road but, instead, a huge meadow which no winter ever quite touches, divided from them now by the narrow bottleneck of the most recent decade of years.
Already we knew that there was one room in that region above stairs which no one had seen in forty years, and which would have to be forced. They waited until Miss Emily was decently in the ground before they opened it. The violence of breaking down the door seemed to fill this room with pervading dust. A thin, acrid pall as of the tomb seemed to lie everywhere upon this room decked and furnished as for a bridal: upon the valance curtains of faded rose color, upon the rose-shaded lights, upon the dressing table, upon the delicate array of crystal and the man's toilet things backed with tarnished silver, silver so tarnished that the monogram was obscured. Among them lay a collar and tie, as if they had just been removed, which, lifted, left upon the surface a pale crescent in the dust. Upon a chair hung the suit, carefully folded; beneath it the
two mute shoes and the discarded socks. The man himself lay in the bed. For a long while we just stood there, looking down at the profound and fleshless grin. The body had apparently once lain in the attitude of an embrace, but now the long sleep that outlasts love, that conquers even the grimace of love, had cuckolded him. What was left of him, rotted beneath what was left of the
nightshirt, had become inextricable from the bed in which he lay; and upon him and upon the pillow beside him lay that even coating of the patient and biding dust. Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair.

The story of an hour

2009-12-11T05:51:00.000-08:00

By Kate Chopin

Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband's death.
It was her sister Josephine who told her, in broken sentences; veiled hints that revealed in half concealing. Her husband's friend Richards was there, too, near her. It was he who had been in the newspaper office when intelligence of the railroad disaster was received, with Brently Mallard's name leading the list of "killed." He had only taken the time to assure himself of its truth by a second telegram, and had hastened to forestall any less careful, less tender friend in bearing the sad message.
She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister's arms. When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her.
There stood, facing the open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair. Into this she sank, pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul.
She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life. The delicious breath of rain was in the air. In the street below a peddler was crying his wares. The notes of a distant song which some one was singing reached her faintly, and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves.
There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window.
She sat with her head thrown back upon the cushion of the chair, quite motionless, except when a sob came up into her throat and shook her, as a child who has cried itself to sleep continues to sob in its dreams.
She was young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength. But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought.
There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name. But she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air.
Now her bosom rose and fell tumultuously. She was beginning to recognize this thing that was approaching to possess her, and she was striving to beat it back with her will—as powerless as her two white slender hands would have been.
When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips. She said it over and over under her breath: "free, free, free!" The vacant stare and the look of terror that had followed it went from her eyes. They stayed keen and bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body.
She did not stop to ask if it were or were not a monstrous joy that held her. A clear and exalted perception enabled her to dismiss the suggestion as trivial.
She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death; the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead. But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome.
There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature. A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of illumination.
And yet she had loved him—sometimes. Often she had not. What did it matter! What could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being!
"Free! Body and soul free!" she kept whispering.
Josephine was kneeling before the closed door with her lips to the keyhole, imploring for admission. "Louise, open the door! I beg, open the door—you will make yourself ill. What are you doing Louise? For heaven's sake open the door."
"Go away. I am not making myself ill." No; she was drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window.
Her fancy was running riot along those days ahead of her. Spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long.
She arose at length and opened the door to her sister's importunities. There was a feverish triumph in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory. She clasped her sister's waist, and together they descended the stairs. Richards stood waiting for them at the bottom.
Some one was opening the front door with a latchkey. It was Brently Mallard who entered, a little travel-stained, composedly carrying his grip-sack and umbrella. He had been far from the scene of accident, and did not even know there had been one. He stood amazed at Josephine's piercing cry; at Richards' quick motion to screen him from the view of his wife.
But Richards was too late.
When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease—of joy that kills.

Uses of get

2009-12-07T11:55:00.000-08:00

At least some of them ....

Get as a main verb

Our cat seems to be getting thinner. (become)

My grandmother got flu in the holidays. (catch)

What time did you get home last night? (arrive)

Can you get my glasses for me? (bring, fetch)

I got a first-class degree from Southampton University. (achieve)

I`ve decided to get my mother a parrot for her birthday. (buy)

We had to run, but luckily we managed to get the last train. (catch)

I don`t quite get what you mean, can you explain again? (understand)

Get + past participle in causative constructions.

get something done: causative use
This is the alternative to "have something done". Both are used to reffer to actions that the subject initiates or cause to be done, but does no do personally

I`ll have to get my shoes repaired soon.

get something done: non-causative use
Something unfortunate happens to the subject-through no fault of their own.

He got stuck in a traffic jam on the way home.

Phrasal verbs with get

get at:
to keep criticizing somebody
to reach sb/sth, to gain acces to sb/sth
to learn or find out something

get by: survive to manage to live or do a particular thing using the money, knowledge, equipment, etc that you have.

get on: to have a good relationship

get out of: to avoid a responsibility or duty

get round to:
(sth) to find the time to do something
(sb) to persuade sb to agree or to do what you want, usually by doing nice things for them.

Sources:
Oxford advanced learner`s dictionary
Landmark advanced student`s book

to be continued.....

Descrbing buildings

2009-12-03T07:47:00.000-08:00

Wrecked: very badly damaged Just look at what you've done to my coat - it's wrecked.

Decaying:

Decrepit: in very bad condition because of being old, or not having been cared for, or having been used a lot.

Most of the buildings were old and decrepit.

A decrepit old man sat on a park bench.

Derelict: (especially of lands or buildings) not used or cared for and in bad condition, ex derelict land/ buildings/ sites.

Dilapidated: (of furniture and buildings) old and in very bad conditions
syn: ramshackle.

Eclectic: not following one style or set of ideas but choosing from or using a wide variety, ex she has a very eclectic taste in literature.

Falling to pieces

Grand:

•splendid in style and appearance; attracting admiration and attention

The Palace of Versailles is very grand.

They always entertain their guests in grand style.

• used in the name of a place or building to show that it is splendid or large

the Grand Hotel

the Grand Canyon

the Grand Canal

Lavish: more than enough, especially if expensive; very generous

The dining room was lavishly decorated.

Lush: (of places, furniture, decoration, etc.) expensive and luxurious

a lush carpet.

Luxurious: very comfortable; containing expensive and enjoyable things
syn: sumptuous
ex a luxurious hotel

Magnificent: very good, beautiful or deserving to be admired

a magnificent view

a magnificent piece of writing

They live in a magnificent Tudor house.

Noble: causing admiration because of a particular appearance or quality

a noble bearing/gesture

a building with a noble facade

Opulent: expensive and luxurious

an opulent lifestyle

an opulent hotel

Plush: expensive, comfortable and of high quality

He took me out to a really plush restaurant.

Posh: elegant and expensive

A posh hotel.

Pristine: new or almost new, and in very good condition

pristine new offices

Washing machine for sale - only 2 months old and in pristine condition.

Ramshackle: badly or untidily made and likely to break or fall down easily

There's a ramshackle old shed at the bottom of the garden

Shed: a small building, usually made of wood, used for storing things

Rundown: describes buildings or areas that are in very bad condition

a run-down building/cemetery

Shabby: (of buildings, clothes, objects, etc.) in poor conditions because they have been used a lot
syn: scruffy
ex she wore shabby old jeans and a t-shirt

Smart: A place or event that is smart attracts fashionable, stylish or rich people

a smart restaurant

We went to a very smart party on New Year's Eve.

Spartan: (of conditions) simple or severe; lacking anything that make life easier or more pleasant.

Stylish: of a high quality in appearance, design or behaviour

The film's direction is subtle and stylish.

Sumptuous: luxurious and showing that you are rich

The celebrity guests turned up dressed in sumptuous evening gowns.

Swish: fashionable or expensive

a swish hotel.

Well-appointed: having a good supply of comfortable or necessary furniture and attractive decorations

The hotel has spacious, well-appointed public rooms and bedrooms.

Wrecked: very badly damaged

Just look at what you've done to my coat - it's wrecked.

Phrasal verbs with off

2009-12-02T12:18:00.000-08:00

break off: to become separated from something as a result of force.
to stop speaking or stop doing something for a period of time.
to end something suddenly. ex: diplomatic relations.

block off: to close a road or an opening by placing a barrier at one end or in front of it.

blast off: (of a spaceship) to leave the ground

call off: to cancel sth, to decide that sth will no happen. To call off a deal/trip/strike

close off: to separate sth from other parts so that people can not use it. The entrance to the train station was closed off after the explosion.

drive off: to leave. The robbers drove off in a stolen vehicle

kick off: (of a football match) to start
to suddenly become angry or violent
to start something (informal)

lead off: to start at a place and go away from it. Narrow streets leading off from the main square.

put off: to cancel a meeting or an arrangement that you have made with somebody.

ring off: to put down the phone because you have finished speaking.

seal off: to prevent people from entering a particular area (of the police, army)

spark off: to cause something to start or develop especially suddenly.

take off: to leave the ground and beging to fly.
leave a place, especially in a hurry

wave off: to wave goodbye to somebody as they are leaving

Simple present

2009-11-25T21:28:00.000-08:00

Presente simple

El primer tiempo verbal que se enseña en ingles. Sus usos mas frecuentes son:

1_describir un estado que existe en el tiempo presente
I want a coke
yo quiero una coca

2_rutinas
he goes to school everyday
el va a la escuela todos los dias

3_describe una accion que esta pasando en el momento
here comes your mother
aqui viene tu madre

Afirmative:

I write on this blog everyweek
yo escribo en este blog todas las semanas

I = yo (primera persona)
you = tu, ustedes (segunda persona, sing y plur.)
we = nosotros (primera persona plural)
they = ellos (tercera persona, plural)

he = el (tercera persona, sing.)
she = ella (tercera persona, sing.)
it = eso/esa (referencia a animales y cosas)

La famosa "s" del presente simple aparece en la tercera persona singular unicamente.

he writes
she writes
it walks (puse "walk" por que todavia no conozco un perro que escriba, pero bue...)

Eso seria afirmativo. Palabras como everyday, seldom, sometimes, usually, always, etc. son muy usadas en este tiempo, por que son todos adverbios de frecuencia y como dijimos que se usa mucho para describir rutinas entonces....bue..se usan.

interrogative

empezemos con wh-questions. Estas comienzan con una wh-word que se refiere al elemento desconocido. Salvo excepciones, en las preguntas hay inversion de sujeto y operador.

what is your name? el "what" es lo que no sabemos, el nombre. (el verbo "is" pasa adelante del sujeto "name")
my name is ........ (la respuesta, una oracion afirmativa, vuelve a tener el sujeto "name" adelante del verbo "is" )

*en el caso anterior el verbo principal es el "to be", pero cuando preguntamos con otro verbo necesitamos un amiguito, el auxiliar "do" (vean el post de primary verbs).

where do you live?
adonde vivis?

para hablar con mas propiedad, lo que se pasa adelante del sujeto cuando invertimos se llama operador, en el primer ejemplo era el verbo "to be" y en este caso el auxiliar "do" funciona como operador. Por ahora lo unico que vamos a decir es que el operador es el verbo que se usa para negar y para formar preguntas. Es decir, para negar, le mandamos el "not" al operador y para preguntar, el operador pasa adelante del sujeto.

Lo mas importante ahora es recordar la famosa "s", adonde va la "s" ...se la mandamos al auxiliar. Por que iba la "s". EN PRESENTE SIMPLE, LA TERCERA PERSONA SINGULAR SUMA UNA "S" AL VERBO o al AUXILIAR. por que?...no tengo idea. pero va.

where does she live?
she lives in rio cuarto
no, she does not live in rio cuarto (la negacion)

*como vemos, la "s" siempre esta presente, en el verbo o en el auxiliar. NO EN LOS DOS AL MISMO TIEMPO.

bue...despues sigo

lie and lay

2008-12-13T05:54:00.001-08:00

lie: /lai/
*verb (lies; lying; lay/lei/; lain/lein/)
1_(of a person or an animal) to be or put yourself in a flat or horizontal position so that you are not standing or sitting
to lie on your back
the cat was lying by the fire

2_(of things) to be or remain in a flat position on a surface
clothes were lying all over the floor

3_to be, remain, or be kept in a particular state
the machines have lain idle since the factory closed

4_(of a town, natural features, etc) to be located in a particular place
the town lies on the coast

lie:/lai/
*verb (lies; lying; lied; lied)
to say or write something that you know is not true
you could see from his face that he was lying
don`t lie to me

lay: /lei/
*verb (laid; laid /leid/)
put down; spread
1_to put sb/sth in a particular position, especially when it is done gently or carefully
she laid the baby down gently on the bed
he laid a hand on my arm

2_if a bird, an incect or a fich, etc. lays eggs, it produces them from its body

3_to lay the table: to arrange knives, forks, plates, etc. on a table ready for a meal.

Nota: Estos tres verbos se confunden usualmente, especialmente lie (acostarse) y lay (poner o colocar). Me parece que la diferencia fundamental es:
lie /lay/ (acostarse) es intransitivo -you lie-
lay /lei/ (poner, colocar) es transitivo -you lay something-

*lie (acostarse) es irregular y se pronuncia /lai/
pt lay se pronuncia /lei/
pp lain se pronuncia /lein/

*lay (poner, colocar) es irregular y se pronuncia /lei/
pt laid
pp laid ambos se pronuncian /leid/

*lie (mentir) se pronuncia /lai/ y es regular
pt lied
pp lied

Hay mas signficados de estos verbos pero el objeto de este post es dejar clara la diferencia entre los tres.

ways of laughing

2008-12-13T05:38:00.000-08:00

chortle: to laugh loudly with pleasure or because you are amused
Gill chortle with delight
reírse alegremente

chukle: to laugh quietly

giggle: to laugh in a silly way because you are amused embarrassed or nervous. If someone giggles, they laugh in a childlike way, because they are amused, nervous, or embarrassed.
reírse tontamente
reírse con una risilla sofocada

grin: to smile widely
He was grining from ear to ear
sonreír

guffaw: to laugh noisily or loudly.
They all guffawed at his jokes
reírse a carcajadas

snigger: to laugh in a quiet unpleasant way, especially at something rude or at somebody`s problems or mistakes.
If someone sniggers, they laugh quietly in a disrespectful way, for example at something rude or unkind.
What are you sniggering at?
reírse con disimulo

titter: to laugh quietly, especially in a nervous embarrassed way.
reírse disimulada y tontamente

ways of looking

2008-12-13T05:37:00.000-08:00

look:
to turn your eyes in a particular direction

Cast:
If you cast your eyes or cast a look in a particular direction, you look quickly in that direction.

watch:
to look at sb/sth for a time, paying attention to what happens
to watch television, a football game

stare:
to look at sb/sth for a long time
Stare, gaze, peer and glare can be used as nouns, the act of looking at sb/sth in a way that is unfriendly or that shows surprise: She gave him a blank stare
mirar fijamente

gaze:
to look steadly at sb/sth for a long time, either because you are very interested or surprised, or because you are thinking in sth else.

peer:
to look closely or carefully at sth, especially when you can not see it clearly We went to the window and peered out

gape:
to stare at sb/sth with your mouth open because you are shoked or surprised

glance:
1_to look quickly at sb/sth
She glanced at her watch
2_ glance at/down/over/through sth to read sth quickly and not thoroughly
syn_scan
I only had time to glance at the newspaper

glimpse:
to see sb/sth for a moment, but not very clearly
syn: catch sight of, spot
He had glimpsed her through the window as he passed.

peep:
to look quickly and secretely at sth, especially through a small opening
we caught her peeping through the keyhole.

glare: (at sb/sth)
to look at sb/sth in an angry way
syn: glower
He didn`t shout, he just glared at me silently.

observe:
1_to see or notice sb/sth
Have you abserved any changes lately?
(according to oxford dictionary this patter is only used in the passive)
2_to watch sb/sth carefully, especially to learn more about them
syn: monitor
I felt he was observing everythig I did.

especial or special?

2008-12-10T09:58:00.000-08:00

Special:
ADJECTIVE
1_not ordinary or usual; different from what is normal
syn: exceptional
the school will only allow this in special circumstances.
2_more important than others; deserving or getting more atention than usual.
what are your special interests?
3_organized or intended for a particular purpose
a special event
4_used by or intended for one particular person or group of people
she has a special way of smiling
5_better or more than usual
as an only child she got special attention

NOUN
1_something that is not usually available but is provided for a particular purpose or on one occasion.
an election-night special on television.
2_a price for a particular product in a shop, store or restaurant that is lower than usual.
there`s a special on coffe this week.

ADVERB

1_for a particular purpose, person, etc.
The ring was specially made for her.

2 (informal) more than usual or more than other things:
It will be hard to work today—specially when it’s so warm and sunny outside.

especial:
ADJECTIVE
greater or better than usual: special in some way or for a particular group.
a matter of especial importance

ADVERB

1_more with one person, thing, etc. than with others, or more in particular circumstances than in others
SYN particularly
The car is quite small, especially if you have children.

2for a particular purpose, person, etc.:
I made it especially for you.

3very much; to a particular degree:
I wasn’t feeling especially happy that day.

specially or especially?
especially usually means "particularly" -she loves all sports, especially swimming-it is not placed first in a sentence -I especially like sweet things- NOT-- especially I like ....THIS IS WRONG
specially usually means "for a particular purpose" and is often followed by a past participle, such as designed, developed or made -a course specially designed to meet your needs- she has her clothes specially made in paris-

In BrE, especially and specially are often used in the same way and it can be hard to hear the difference when people speak. Specially is less formal: I bought this especially / specially for you.It is especially / specially important to remember this.
The adjective for both especially and specially is usually special.
OK... ideas:

"special" is said to be american english, informal or slang.
It can be used as a noun.

I took the next example from wordreference (leonious)

1. I made this cake especially for you.
2. I made this cake specially for you.

Segun entiendo(elvio), ejemplo 1: hice la torta especialmente para vos...si alguien mas come, realmente no me imoprta. Ejemplo 2 hice la torta de una manera especial ( le puse frutillas al medio por que se que te gustan) tambien pensando en vos, pero cono otro sentido. se entiende?

Sentence (1) is most common and means that I baked this cake with you in mind. I want you, before anyone else, to try this cake.
Sentence (2) is slightly different. It means I made the cake using a special recipe (or using some secret ingredient). You are still the reason I made the cake, in fact I used the special recipe just because I knew you were going to eat it.

The bit about the cake being made in a special way is not implied in the first sentence, but it is in the second sentence. The difference is subtle, but it exists. Convinced?

from:http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=6306&highlight=special

Especially or Specially?

This is a favorite question of grammar checkers. Most of the time there is little or no difference between the words especially and specially.

Special is a common adjective. Specially is its adverb form. Special means "particular, distinguished in a distinct way, or designed for a particular purpose." Specially means "particularly, in a disintguishing manner, or for a particular purpose."

Especial is an uncommon adjective. Especially, its adverb form, is much more common. Especial means "exceptional, noteworthy, or particular." Especially means "exceptionally, in a noteworthy manner, or particularly."

In the sense of "particular" or "particularly," the words mean pretty much the same thing. Often they can be used synonymously. However, if you want to stress the exceptional or noteworthy quality, then especial or especially is a better choice. If you want to stress the distinctive purpose of something, then special or specially is the word you are looking for.

Example: This program has specially designed macros for word processors.
(A distinctive purpose)

Example: He did especially well in All-Star Game.
(A noteworthy performance)

from:http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000287.htm

Phrasals units 9,10,11 and 12

2008-12-03T04:59:00.000-08:00

Well, it`s been a while since I last published something. I was scratching my balls too much jajaja

Anyway, they are here -phrasals- courtesy of Frank. Thanks dude !

Unidad 9

Put off:

*Delay or postpone. (Let's put off the meeting until everyone can attend.)

*Extinguish (a light, TV, etc.). (Can you put off the lights when you go to bed?)

*Make sb lose their concentration. (Can't you be quiet? I'm trying to do my homework and you're putting me off.)

Pull out:

*Decide not to continue an activity. (Hendry had to pull out of the championship when he hurt his arm.)

*Leave. (The army will pull out of the city as soon as the situation stabilizes.)

*Remove. (The dentisttold me he would have to pull out the tooth.)

Unidad 10

Work out:

*Find a solution to a problem. (I couldn't work out why the house was in darkness. Then I remembered they were away.)

*Happen and develop in a satisfactory way. (Things are working out well for Andrew in his new job.)

*Do physical exercise in order to be fit and strong. (Body.builders are obsessed with working out.)

Take in:

*Deceive. (You can't fool me! I won't be taken in so easily again.)

*Allow sb to live in your house as a favour or as a paying guest. (We took him in as he had nowhere to live.)

*Understand or remember sth you have heard, seen, or read. (There was too much information to take in all at once.)

*Go to see a film, museum, etc. When you are visiting a place. (We took in a show when we were in New York.)

Unidad 11

Fall back on:

*Use for help because no other alternative is available. (If I lose my job I'll just fall back on my savings.)

Fall behind.

*Fail to do sth quickly enough on time. (I'm worried about Anna. She is falling behind with her school work.)

Fall for:

*Be strongly attracted to sb. (I think Robert has fallen for Mandy. He can't take his eyes off her.)

Fall out:

*Stop being friends with sb. (Dave and Alex must have fallen out. The're obviously not speaking to each other.)

Fall through:

*(of an arrangement or plan) Fail to happen. (I thought I had found a buyer for my car but then it all fell through.)

Unidad 12

Go down with:

*Catch. (Jess can't come. She has gone down with a terrible cold.)

Face up to:

*Accept. (Lauren finds it hard to face up to her responsibilities.)

Go along with:

*Agree with. (I'm sorry but I can't go along with our views at all. In fact, I strongly disagree.)

Catch up on:

*Find out. (Let's meet soon. I cant wait to catch up on all the gossip.)

Look up to:
*Admire and respect. (He's a well-respected member of the community; everyone looks up to him.)

Transitivity

2008-10-26T09:58:00.000-07:00

Transitive vebrs are the ones that take a direct object, without the object the sentence would be incomplete.For example you say:
Los verbos transitivos son los que toman algun tipo de objeto sobre el cual recae la accion.

She wrote a book. = Ella escribio un libro, Que escribio?...un libro (objeto directo)

Well good for for her, what do I care. No, jeje, the point is you CAN NOT say:

She said.... (period) Aqui no podemos decir "Ella dijo...." y nada mas, se necesita el objeto.

She said something. = Ella dijo "algo". Que dijo? .... "algo" (objeto directo)

Hay verbos que pueden funcionar transitiva e intransitivamente, por ej. el verbo walk (caminar)

He is so drunk he can barely walk. (El esta tan borracho "que" el apenas puede caminar)

He walks a mile every morning. (El camina una milla todas las mañanas)

En la segunda oracion "a mile" es el objeto directo.

For example take a look at the verb "sleep". You can say:

I sleep twelve hours a day. (lucky son of a bi....) (yo duermo 12 hs por dia)
*Noten que 12hs por dia no es objeto de el verbo dormir, es solo un adverbio. La accion de dormir no recae sobre las 12 hs. El que duerme soy yo. jaja

No object there. But you can also say:

The hotel sleeps 120 guests. ("120 guests" is the direct object)

Intransitive verbs are the ones that DO NOT take a direct object. Surprised?? guess not.
Los verbos intransitivos no necesitan objeto.

He died suddenly. (El murio repentinamente)

The verb "die" here is intransitive here, "suddenly" is just an adverb. The poor bastard just died.

A ditransitive verb — such as cause or give — is one that can take both a direct object and an indirect object at the same time.
Un verbo ditransitivo toma objeto directo y objeto indirecto.

He gave Mary ten dollars. El le dio a mary diez dolares
("Lucky Mary" is the direct object and "ten dollars" is the indirect object)

Well, for those of you who are thinking "what the hell do I care about transitivity??"
Remember passive voice punk?? Most transitive verbs can be used in the passive, whereas intransitive verbs CAN NOT be used in the passive,
but why? Well ,that`s easy, It`s because the subject of a in the passive is the object of a transitive verb in the active voice.

ACTIVE PASSIVE
I built a house. The house was built by me.
Yo construi una casa. La casa fue construida por mi.

"la casa", objeto directo en la primer oracion, pasa a ser sujeto en la segunda. Y "by me" es el agente, quien realiza la accion. El agente se puede omitir en la voz pasiva.

"house" is the direct object in the first sentence, but it`s the subject in the second sentence. So as intransitive verbs do not have an object, how in earth can we transform them into the passive?? We can`t.

for example:

I fell down the stairs.

In this sentence "fell" is intransitive, "down the stairs" is just a place adverbial. And the fact that I was quite drunk is just the cause :D.....
The point is that this sentence can not be transformed into passive voice. You can say:

I fell. (yo cai)

Well, it`s a very short and stupid sentence, but from the point of view of grammar, It`s OK.
But you CAN NOT say:

*I was fallen (yo fui caido) WRONG !!!!!

OK, that`s it for now. If you see any misstakes please let me know.

Ways of talking

2008-10-06T11:51:00.000-07:00

high-pitched ones:

bawl: to shout loudly, especially in an unpleasant or angry way.

she bawled at him in front of everyone.

nota: se pronuncia con "o:" larga

cry: to shout loudly

holler: (informal) to shout loudly.

Don`t holler at me

shierk: to give a loud high shout, for example when you are exited, frightened or in pain.

syn: scream

shrill: to make an unpleasant high loud sound.

behind me the telephone srilled

yell: to shout loudly, for examplebecause you are angry, exited, frightened or in pain

low-pitched ones:

hiss: to say something in a quiet angry voice

"leave me alone!" she hissed.

mumble: to speak or say something in a quiet voice in a way that is not clear.

I could hear him mumbling to himself.

nota: esos fanaticos del cine podran recordar una de las escenas finales de mision imposible 2 cuando Sean Ambrose (el antagonista) le dice a su amigo (que tenia la boca vendada y una mascara encima) STOP MUMBLING!!!!!!.... acto seguido le mete un tiro en la frente.

murmur: to say something in a soft quiet voice that is difficult to hear or understand.

She was murmuring in his ear.

mutter: to speak or say in a quiet voice that is difficult to hear, especially because you are annoyed about something.

Situation: teacher starts giving lots of homework, so students mutter: ..."fucking homework, why in hell did I started this fucking course anyway"...

sigh: to say sth with a sigh

‘Oh well, better luck next time,’ she sighed.

whisper: to speak very quietly to somebody so that other people can not hear what you are saying.

Phrasal verbs 8

2008-09-29T13:16:00.000-07:00

PHRASAL VERBS

UNIT 8 (LANDMARK upper intermediate, workbook)

make out

manage to see, read or hear sth

I could just make out a figure in the darkness

I could hear voices but I couldn`t make out waht they were saying.

write out or complete a form or document

The doctor made out a prescription for me

make up

consist of, comprise

The band is made up of a drummer, two guitarists, and a vocalist.

become friends again after an argument

Why don`t you two kiss and make up?

invent (a story) sometimes in order to deceive

He made up some excuse about his doughter being sick.

make up for

compensate

Nothing can make up for the lost of a child

make for

provide

It does not make for the most stable atmosphere.

make for

move, usually rather hurriedly, towards a particular place

As soon as he entered the disco, he made for the bar.

(for some fernet, of course)

Phrasal verbs 7

2008-09-29T13:15:00.000-07:00

PHRASAL VERBS

UNIT 7 (LANDMARK upper intermediate, workbook)

come across

to meet or find sb/sth by chance. Find accidentally

I came across children sleeping under bridges.

she came across some old photographs in a drawer.

come out

be revealed or made public. To become known

The full story came out at the trial.

It came out that he had been telling lies.

come round

to come to a place especially sb`s house, to visit for a short time

Do come round and see us some time.

regain consciousness

your mother hasn`t yet come round from the anaesthetic

come up

happen unexpectedly

I`m afraid something urgent has come up.

We will let you know if any vacancies come up.

come up against

be faced with a problem or difficulty

We expect to come up against a lot of opposition to the plan.

The first obstacle I came up against was making myself understood. No one spoke my language and I didn`t speak theirs.

come up with

think of a plan or solution

she came up with a new idea for increasing sales

How soon can you come up with the money.

Phrasal verbs 6

2008-09-29T13:14:00.000-07:00

PHRASAL VERBS

UNIT 6 (LANDMARK upper intermediate, workbook)

bring up

to direct the conversation to a particular subject or introduce a subject into the conversation

ex I`m sorry to keep bringing this up but you still haven`t paid me the money you owe me

look after a child until he/she is an adult. to care for a child, teaching him or her how to behave

syn_raise

ex After her parents died, she was brought up by an aunt

break down

to lose control of your feelings and start crying.collapse in tears

ex when they told her the bad news, she broke down

(of a machine) stop working because of a fault

ex My car broke down in the middle of a bridge yesterday, Smoke was comming of the engine so I had to call for help.

make up

invent an excuse, story, especially in order to trick or entretain somebody

ex Sometimes it`s better to bring up an excuse than to tell the truth

forgiv and become friends after an argument. to end a dissagreement with somebody and become friends again

ex We often argue but we always make up soon after

take up

start a new job or activity. to learn or start to do something, especially for pleasure

ex when Jerry retired, he took up golf

to fill or use an amount of space or time

ex My job takes up all of my free time these days.

Phrasal verbs 5

2008-09-29T13:13:00.001-07:00

PHRASAL VERBS

UNIT 5 (LANDMARK upper intermediate, workbook)

get over

recover. to return to your usual state of health, happiness, etc. after an illness, a shock, the end of a relationship, etc.

ex_It has taken her a long time to get over the accident

he was disappointed at not getting the job, but he will get over it.

get out of

avoid doing something, a responsability or duty

ex_He always finds some excuse for getting out of doing the washing-up

we promise we would go, we can`t get out of it now

get round

acomplish something, to find the time to do something

ex_I finally got round to cleaning out that cupboard las week

I ment to do the ironing but I didn`t get round to it

get through

to use up a large amount of something, eat and drink

ex_While we watched the match we got through two large bottles of coke, two hamburgers each and a large packet of crisps

we got through a fortune while we were in new york

get down

to make somebody fell sad or depressed

ex_This endless rain is really getting me down, I need a holiday somewhere sunny

get by

to manage to live or do a particular thing using the money, knoledge, equipment, etc that you have.

ex_I couldn`t have got by without your help

how does she get by on such a small salary

I can just about get by in german (I can speak basic german)

get across

to be communicated or undestood; to succeed in comunicating something

ex_He is a good public speaker. He has no problem getting his message across

your meaning didn`t really get across

get round

to persuade somebody to agree or to do what you want, usually by doing nice things for them

ex_Dad never let me stay out late but Susie always manage to get round him. She was his favourite.

Phrasal verbs 4

2008-09-29T13:10:00.000-07:00

PHRASAL VERBS

UNIT 4 (LANDMARK upper intermediate, workbook)

go away

leave home for a time, especially on holidays

to leave home for a period of time, especially for a holiday/vacation

they have gone away for a few days

I`m going away on business

disappear

to disapear

the smell still hasn`t gone away

give away

give without taking money in return

to give something as a gift

he gave away most of his money charity

accidentally reveal information

to make known something that somebody wants to keep a secret

she gave away state secrets to the enemy

throw away

get ride of something you do not want

I don`t need that, you can throw it away

that old thing should be thrown away

lose an opportunity or waste a possibility

to fail to make use of something, to waste something

to throw away an opportunity

put away

put something tidily in its space

to put something in the place where it is kept because you have finished using it

I`m just going to put the car away

save money

to save money to spend later

she has a few thousand dollars put away for her retirement.

take away

remove something to another place

take something from somebody

start off

start sb 'off (on sth)1[no passive] to make sb begin doing sth:
What started her off on that crazy idea?

Don’t say anything to her—you’ll start her off again (= make her get angry).

Kevin started us all off laughing._to help sb begin doing sth:
My mother started me off on the piano when I was three.

His father started him off farming.

get through

get through to sb

to make sb understand or accept what you say, especially when you are trying to help them:
I find it impossible to get through to her.

Phrasal verbs 3

2008-09-29T13:09:00.000-07:00

PHRASAL VERBS

UNIT 3 (LANDMARK upper intermediate, workbook)

bring together

united in one place

to help two people or groups end a quarrel

the loss of their son broughtthe parents together.

bring out

produced

to produce sth; to publish sth:
The band have just brought out their second album.

bring down

reduce

to reduce sth:
We aim to bring down prices on all our computers.

bring in

introduce

to introduce a new law

bring in a bill to improve road safety

bring about

caused

to make something happen

bring about reforms/ a war/ somebodys ruin

the liberals wish to bring about changes in the electoral system

Note: the verbs cause, bring about and make show how a certain result situation or event happens. they are used in a variety of patterns. The direct object of cause or bring about is the result.

_The heavy rains brought about a plague of mosquitoes.

Phrasal verbs 2

2008-09-29T13:07:00.001-07:00

PHRASAL VERBS

UNIT 2 (LANDMARK upper intermediate, workbook)

get away

scape

to succeed in leaving a place:
I won’t be able to get away from the office before 7. %get a'way (from sb / … )to

to escape from sb or a place

have a holiday

to have a holiday / vacation:
We’re hoping to get away for a few days at Easter.
—related noun getaway

come off

originate from a particular place or thing

a damp breeze came off the sea

be successful

(informal) (of a plan, etc.) to be successful; to have the intended effect or

result. They had wanted it to be a surprise but the plan didn’t come off.

take over

buy or gaing control of a business

to gain control of a business, a company, etc., especially by buying

                        shares:
                        CBS Records was taken over by Sony.
                        —related noun takeover

asume responsibility for a job/task

to begin to have control of or responsibility for sth, especially in place of sb

else

Phrasal verbs 1

2008-09-29T13:03:00.000-07:00

PHRASAL VERBS

UNIT 1 (LANDMARK upper intermediate, workbook)

turn up

be found (after being lost)

to be found, especially by chance, after being lost:
Don’t worry about the letter—I’m sure it’ll turn up.

increase the volume

to increase the sound, heat, etc. of a piece of equipment:
Could you turn the TV up? Ç [+adj] The music was turned up loud.

arrive

(of a person) to arrive:
We arranged to meet at 7.30, but she never turned up.

set off

start a journey

to begin a journey:
We set off for London just after ten.

make an alarm ring

to make an alarm start ringing:
Opening this door will set off the alarm.

make explode

to make a bomb, etc. explode:
A gang of boys were setting off fireworks in the street.

break up

divide or become divided into smaller parts

to separate into smaller pieces:
The ship broke up on the rocks.

begin the holidays (in schools)

(especially BrE) to begin the holidays when school closes at the end of a term:
When do you break up for Christmas?

end a relationship

to come to an end:
Their marriage has broken up.
—related noun break-up

Angel

2008-09-12T13:08:00.000-07:00

Angel

By Elvios

Angela, a 29 highly independent woman, was one of the most skeptical persons you can come across, she would laugh at the most blood-curdling story, even more she enjoyed situations other people would normally avoid, like passing by a cemetery at night or walking through a dark creepy park. However, the mysterious happenings that occur that windy autumn day changed her completely.

Everything started as a regular day, early breakfast, quick shower, and off to work. On the way to the office she decided to get some cigarettes, so she was about to stop by the store when a young girl suddenly appeared in front of her car, Angela had to slam on the brakes and turn the wheel violently to swerve the girl. Once the car had completely stopped she raised her head looking for the black-haired girl, yet no one was there. Although she could only catch a glimpse, the child`s face stuck in Angela`s mind. She had an extremely pale complexion, sad green eyes and a lean figure.

The day went on, Angela got to work and after a couple of hours she had forgotten all about the incident. However, she felt weird, as if someone was watching her. When the office clock struck twelve-thirty Angela hurried down the stairs for lunch, she went outside to get some crackers. She was crossing the street when her eyes met those piercing green eyes again. Angela froze immediately, a sudden chill ran down her spine. Even though it felt like an eternity, only a few seconds had passed and a loud screech took her out of her numbness. A car had almost run over her. Angela burst into tears and hastened back into the building directly to Marla`s office; she was sobbing uncontrollably and only after a few minutes she could finally tell the whole story to her friend, eventually they decided it was just an strange coincidence, still Angela asked whether she could stay at Marla`s that night. She felt way too nervous to go back home alone. They did not utter a word during dinner and went straight to bed. Angela was still awake when the phone rang in the middle of the night, she strode into her friend`s room anticipating the call had something to do with her. It was the police, an intruder had broken into Angela`s house that afternoon and he had been hiding there till some neighbours noticed him and called for help. The guy was wanted for the police suspected of kidnapping and murdering a young girl.

The next morning Angela saw the girl`s photo in the newspaper and started crying. She was only sixteen.

Ways of walking

2008-09-07T11:17:00.000-07:00

Amble: walk at a slow, leisurely pace. They ambled along for miles.

Crawl: move slowly with the body close to the ground or on hands and knees. A baby crawls before he can walk.

Creep: to move very quietly and carefully, often with your body in a low position so that nobody will notice you. He crept down the stairs hoping that nobody would wake

Dart: move quickly and suddenly in the specified direction. She darted away when I came in.

Dash: move quickly and suddenly, rush. I must dash or I'll miss the train.

Edge: move gradually with small movements. Paul decided to edge away from the crowd.

Frogmarch: force somebody to walk by holding his arms tightly by his side, usually because of bad behaviour. The prefect frogmarched the boy to the detention room

Hike: take a long walk in the mountains or countryside, as an adventure. The group hiked up to the top of the hill.

Hobble: walk with difficulty. The old man hobbled along the street with the aid of his stick.

Hop: move by jumping on one foot. The man hopped down the road after hurting his foot.

Jog: run slowly and steadily, as a way of exercising. She goes jogging every day.

Limp: to walk in an uneven way because you have hurt your leg or foot. He fell and twisted his ankle and limped home in a great pain.

Lollop: run with long awkward steps. The dog came lolloping down the path.

Lope: run with long steps. The man loped off after the ball.

Lunge: make a sudden movement towards somebody or something. The boxer lunged forward and grabbed his opponent by the arm.

Lurch: stagger. The drunken man was lurching along the street.

March: walk with regular steps of equal length. Demonstrators marched through the streets of the city.

Meander: walk in a slow, relaxed way instead of taking the most direct way possible. (Rivers also meander).As I was sitting in the park, I watched as couples seemed to meander around happily.

Mooch: wander, walk slowly without any purpose. John mooched about the shops.

Pace: walk with regular steps. He paced up and down the platform, waiting for the train.

Pad: walk softly and quietly. The child padded barefoot down the stairs.

Paddle (GB), wade (US): walk for pleasure without shoes or socks in water that is not very deep. The children were paddling in the lake.

Parade: walk or march together to celebrate or protest. Demonstrators paraded through the streets of the city.

Plod: walk with heavy steps or with difficulty. Labourers plodded home through the muddy fields.

Prance: walk with high steps or large movements, in a confident way. She pranced around her room, pretending to be an actress.

Prowl: to walk or move quietly, in a suspicious way because you are involved in a criminal activity or you are looking for something. (around/about).Someone was prowling about outside the house, so I called the police.

Ramble: walk for pleasure with no particular destination. He likes rambling around in the country.

Roam: wander. They roamed through the streets for hours.

Rush: hurry; move quickly because you need to get somewhere soon. She was late so she decided to rush off down the hall.

Saunter: stroll. They sauntered around the park.

Scamper: run quickly and playfully. The children were scampering up the steps.

Scramble: climb up or down, or over something quickly and with difficulty. They had to scramble up to the top of the hill to see the view.

Scurry: move quickly with short steps, because you are in a hurry. He was late so he had to scurry off to work.

Scuttle: move quickly with short steps, because you are afraid or do not want to be seen. The mouse scuttled off when we entered the room.

Shuffle: to walk slowly by sliding your feet along instead of lifting them from the ground. The old man shuffled across the room in his slippers

Skip: move forward with quick steps and jumps. The child skipped with joy towards his father.

Slide: move smoothly over a surface. I was sliding on the ice.

Slip: slide accidentally. She slipped on the ice and broke her leg.

Sneak: go quietly and secretly in order to avoid being seen or heard. The boy sneaked in without paying.

Sprint: run very quickly for a short distance. The kids sprinted down the stairs.

Stagger: walk unsteadily as if about to fall. He was so drunk that he staggered all the way home.

Stalk: walk in a proud or angry way, with long steps. The teacher turned and stalked out of the classroom.

Stride: to walk with long steps.Robert strode up to the desk and demanded to see the manager.

Stroll: walk for pleasure. They strolled around the park.

Strut: walk in a proud way, with the chest out and trying to look important. He strutted past us, ignoring our greeting.

Stumble/trip: (over something): to hit your foot against something when you are walking and almost fall over. He stumbled over a tree root.

Stumble: stagger. She stumbled upstairs and into bed.

Stump: walk heavily and stiffly. They stumped up the hill.

Swagger: walk proudly, strut. After winning the first prize, the player swaggered about proudly.

Tear: run or move quickly in a dangerous or careless way. When the storm started, they tore back into the house.

Tiptoe: walk on the tips of one's toes. She tiptoed to the bed so as not to wake the baby.

Toddle: walk with short unsteady steps. Her two-year-old son toddled into the room.

Tramp: to walk with slow heavy steps. We had a miserable afternoon tramping across the moors in pouring rain.

Trample: to step heavily on something or someone, causing damage or injury

Somebody trampled all over my flowerbeds in the night!

Trek: hike; make a long, difficult journey on foot. For ten days she trekked across the mountains of China.

Trip over: catch one's foot on something and stumble or fall. He tripped over the step and fell.

Trip: walk with short quick steps, usually as young girls do. The little girl tripped happily up the road.

Trudge: walk slowly and with effort because one is tired. We were very tired after trudging through the deep snow for two hours.

Waddle: walk with short steps, moving the body from one side to another, especially to talk about birds or people with fat bodies. The fat man waddled off to the restaurant for lunch.

Wade: to walk with difficulty through deep water, mud, etc. The soldiers jumped out of the boat and waded ashore.

Wander: move without a fixed purpose or destination. They enjoy wandering through the countryside

describing events

2008-06-26T08:19:00.000-07:00

Gracias a Carlita que hizo esta lista de vocabulario

Adjectives

Beautiful: (hermoso/a)
having beauty, pleasant to the senses or to the mind
ex a beatiful countryside

Joyful:
very happy, causing people to be happy

Glorious (formal)
1_deserving or bringing grate fame or success
ex a glorious victory
2_very beatiful and impressive
syn_ esplendid
ex a glorious sunset
3_extremely enjoyable
syn_wonderful
ex a glorious trip to rome
Colourful

National:
connected with a particular nation; shared by a whole nation
ex they are afraid of loosing their national identity

Marvelous:
extremely good; wonderful
syn_fantastic, splendid
ex this is a marvelous opportunity for her

Magical:
wonderful; very enjoyable
syn_enchanting
ex we espend a magical week in paris

Wonderful:
1_very good, pleasant or enjoyable
ex a wonderful surprise
2_making you fell surprise or admiration
syn_remarkable

Original:
1_existing at the beginning of a particular period, process or activity.
ex the room still has many of its original features
I think you should go back to your original plan

2_new and interesting in a way that is different from anything that has existed before; able to produce new and interesting ideas
ex that`s not a very original suggestion

Traditional:
being part of the beliefs, customs or way of life of a particular group of people, that have not changed for a long time
ex It`s traditional in USA to eat turkey on thanksgiving day

Exciting:
causing great interest or excitement
Exciting, thrilling or exhilarating??
these words all describe an event, experience or feeling that causis excitement.
Exhilarating is the strongest of these words and exciting is the least strong. Exciting is the most general and can be used to talk about any activity, experience, feeling or event that excites you. Thrilling is used particularly for contests and stories where the ending is uncertain. Exhilarating is used particularly for physical activities that involve speed and/or danger.

Entertaining:
interesting and amusing
ex I found the talk both informative and entertaining

Luxurious:
very confortable, cantaining expensive and ejoyable things
syn_sumptuous
ex The most luxurious hotel I`ve ever been had gold lamps

Glittering:
1_very impressive and successful
ex he has a glittering carrer ahead of him
2_very impressive and involving rich and successful people
ex a glittering occasion

Sparkling:
1_ (also, less frequent, sparkly)
shining and flashing with light
ex the calm and sparkling waters of the lake/sparkling blue eyes
2_(of drinks)
containing bubbles of gas
ex a sparkling wine
syn_fizzy
3_interesting and amusing
ex a sparkling personality
4_excellent, of very good quality
ex the champion was in a sparkling form
syn_brilliant

Plentiful:
available or existing in large amounts or numbers
ex a plentiful supply of food
syn_ abundant

Numerous:
existing in large numbers
syn_many

Important:
(to somebody) having a great effect on people or things; of great value
an important decision/factor
ex I have an important announcement to make
(of a person) having great influence or authority
ex an important member of the team

Significant:
1_ large or important enough to have an effect or to be noticed

Enormous:
usually large in size, extent or degree; immense, vast

Huge:
extremely large in size, amount or scope

Special:
1_not ordinary or usual; different from what is normal
syn: exceptional
the school will only allow this in special circumstances.
2_more important than others; deserving or getting more atention than usual.
what are your special interests?
3_organized or intended for a particular purpose
a special event
4_used by or intended for one particular person or group of people
she has a special way of smiling
5_better or more than usual
as an only child she got special attention

Outstanding:
1_extremely good; excellent
an outstanding player
2_very obvious or important
the outstanding features od the landscape
syn: prominent

Simple: basic, plain without anything extra or unnecessary
the accomodation was simple but spacious

Delicious:
giving pleasure to the senses of taste and smell

Elegant
graceful and attractive in appearance or manner

Pleasant:
enjoyable, pleasing or attractive

Ceremonial:
relating to or used in a ceremony, and a ceremony is a public or religious occasion that includes a series of formal or traditional actions.

Amazing---amaze: [verb] to fill sb with great surprise or wonder
amazed: [adj] He was amazed to find himself ....
amazing: [adj] I find it amazing that you can`t swim

Typical:
happening in a usual way; showing what something is usually like
syn: normal

Unique:
very special or unusual

Stirring:
producing strong feelings or excitement in someone

Grotesque:
extremely ugly in a strange or unnatural way

Moving:
making you feel strong emotions, especially sadness or sympathy

Gleaming:
shining softly

Nouns

array:
a group or collection of things or people, often one that is large or impressive
ex a dazzling array of talent

Costume:/kostium/
1_the clothes worn by people from a particular historical period
2_the clothes worn by actors in a play or film, or worn by somebody to make them look like something else
adj_costumed

Custom:/kAstam/
1_ an accepted way of behaving or of doing things in a society or a community:

nota: costume, que significa disfraz, y custom, que significa costumbre, son usualmente confundidas. Por eso le puse la pronunciacion al lado.

parade
Occasion
Bands
Performance
Carnival
Reception
Prom
Church
Limousine
Trousseau= the clothes etc that a woman brings with her when she marries Wedding festivities Ceremony
Entertainment
Party
Preparations
Pumpkins
Joy

Verbs

Rehearse

Is held

Dance

Gather

To take place

To look forward

Decorate

Celebrate

Organize

Supply (food and refreshments)

Enjoy

Help out= to help someone because they are busy or have problems:

Phrases

Bright lights SPARKLING

Huge, colourful flowers

(sb) GASPED in wonder and admiration

LAID a wreath AT

A two-minute silence is OBSERVED

IN KEEPING with the theme of the festival

DISPLAYED their medals

HELD to COMMEMORATE

PRIOR to sth (before)

Visitors from all over the world GATHER

Look forward to this marvelous event every year

To BOOK hotel rooms

It was a festival which lifted everyone’s spirits

To dance far into the night

Raise awareness of…

But the best part of all was… verb+ing

Another thing that made it a particularly enjoyable occasion was…

It brought back memories of my own childhood experiences.

It is unique in that its theme is essentially not a pleasant one

A certain amount of preparation is required of those who take part

describing people 1

2008-06-15T11:14:00.000-07:00

able: clever or good at what you do.
an able student

absent-minded: describes someone who tends to forget things or does not pay attention to what is happening near them because they are thinking about something else.
she absent-mindedly left her umbrella on the bus.

adaptable: able or willing to change in order to suit different conditions

affectionate: showing feelings of liking or love
he is an affectionate little boy

analytical: examinign or tending to examine things very carefully

anxious: worried and nervous
my mother always gets a bit anxious if we don`t arrive when we say we will

ardent: showing strog feelings
an ardent feminist

argumentative: (disapproving) often arguing or wanting to argue
don`t be so argumentative !

arrogant: unpleasantly proud and behaving as if you are more important than, or know more than, other people
I found him arrogant and rude

assertive: describes someone who behaves confidently and is not frightened to say what they want or believe
if you really want the promotion, you`ll have to be more assertive
self-assertive: giving your opinions in a powerful way so that other people will notice

attentive: If someone is attentive, they are very helpful and take care of you

authoritarian: (disapproving) demanding total obedience and refusing to allow people freedom to act as they wish

beady: (of eyes) small and bright, especially like a bird`s eyes
His beady little eyes were fixed on the money I held out.

belligerent: (disapproving) wishing to fight or argue
Watch out! Lee's in a belligerent mood.

burly: describes a man who is large and strong.
a burly policeman

well-balanced: describes someone who is calm and reasonable and who shows good judgment

persuasive: (persuasivo/a)
able to pesuade somebody to do or believe something
tina is a very persuasive person. she is capable of convincing you to do almost anything she wants.

tactless: que no tiene tacto, insensible
saying or doing things that are likely to annoy or to upset other people
syn_insensitive
opp_tactfull
sarah can be tactless on occasion. she often says things that offend people.

frank: franco, honesto
honest and direct in what you say, sometimes in a way that people might not like
jim is very frank; he always says exactly what he is thinking

honest: honesto
1_ always telling the truth, and never stealing or cheating.
opp_dishonest
2_ honest (about something)/(with somebody) not hiding the truth about something
3_showing an honest mind or attitude
stephanie is one of the most honest people I know; she would never consider doing anything illegal

fussy: caprichoso, detallista
1_(about something) too concerned or worried about details or standards, especially unimportant ones
my little sister is fussy about what she eats; there are very few foods she likes.

reserved: reservado, introvertido
(of a person or their character) slow or unwilling to show feelings or express opinions
syn shy
anna is a very reserved person who hardly ever lets her feelings show.

trustworthy: confiable
that you can rely on to be good, honest, sincere, etc
syn reliable
mark is extremely trustworthy; when it comes to keeping secrets, he will never tell a soul.

outgoing: extrovertido, sociable
liking to meet other people, enjoying their company and being friendly towards them
syn sociable
annabel is an outgoing person who loves meeting people and making new friends.

patient: paciente
(with somebody/something) able to wait for a long time or accept annoying behaviour or difficulties without becoming angry
she is very patient with young children
you will just have to be patient and wait till I`m finished

boring: aburrido
not interesting; making you fell tired an impatient;
the class was so boring, I almost fell asleep at my desk

pessimistic: pesimista
(about something) expecting bad things to happen or something not to be successful; showing this;
opp optimistic
he is so pessimistic about everything, he always says things will go wrong.

rubicund: having a red face.
rubicund of visage. visage means face, and it is often used in literary pieces.

sensible: prudente
able to make good judgements base on reason and experience rather than emotion; practical.
I think the sensible think would be to take a taxi home
adv sensibly

sensitive: sensible
1_aware of and able to understand other people and their feelings
2_able to understand art, music and literature and to express yourself through them
3_esayly offended or upset
adv sensitively
noun sensitivity

Nota: OJO! "sensible" es una transparencia falsa.
sensible= sensato: prudente; que se muestra o actua con serenidad e inteligencia
nada que ver con "sensible" en español, que en ingles se dice "sensitive"

eccentric:
considered by other people to be extrange or unusual
an eccentric aunt

pushy:
trying hard to get what you want, especially in a way that seems rude
a pushy salesman

notorious:
well known for being bad
a notorious criminal

big-headed:
having a very high opinion of how important and clever you are; too proud

describing people 2

2008-06-08T12:26:00.000-07:00

oval:
saphed like an egg
an oval face/ una cara ovalada

slanted:
sloping in one direction
Bruce lee had slanted eyes.
(slanted los van a encontrar como desviado en algunos diccionarios, pero en este contexto se refiere a ojos achinados)

ginger: (entre rubio y pelirojo)
light brownish, orange colour
ginger hair/ a ginger cat

teenaged: (adolecente) como adjetivo, NO SUSTANTIVO, que es teenager :)
between 13 and 19 years old
they have two teenaged daughters (ellos tienen dos hijas adolecentes)

wrinkled: (wrinkles: arrugas)
(of skin, clothes, etc) having wrinkles. A wrinkle is a line or small fold in your skin, especially on your face, that forms when you get older
there were fine wrinkles around her eyes

thick: grueso
(hair, furs, trees) growing closely together in large numbres
thick dark hair

balding: (pelado)
starting to lose the hair on your head
a short balding man with glasses (george?? jaja)

tanned: (moreno, por el sol)
having a brown skin colour as a result of being in the sun

slim: (delgado)
(of a person) thin, in a way that is atractive.
how do you manage to stay so slim?

overweight:
(of people) to heavy and fat
she was only a few overweight (esta es la forma sutil de decirte gordo)

pale: (palido)
2_(of a person) having skin that is almost white; having skin that is whiter than usualbecause of illness, a strong emotion etc
a pale complexion

1_light in colour, containing a lot of white
pale blue eyes

crooked:
1_not in a straight line; bent or twisted
a crooked nose/ smile. A village of crooked streets

1_dishonest
a crooked businessman/ deal (deal: trato o acuerdo)

freckle: (peca) este es el sustantivo
a small, pale brown dot on a persons skin, especially on their face, caused by the sun.
a freckled face/ schoolgirl (una cara/alumna pecosa)

dimpled: (los hollitos que se forman en los pomulos al reirse o el hollito del menton)
a dimpled chin or cheeks are those with a small hollow places that form when people smile

wiry:
thin but strong (flaco pero fibroso)
a wiry little man

beatiful, pretty, hadnsome, attractive, lovely, goodlooking, gorgeous
these words all describe people who es pleasant to look at

beatifull (especially of a woman or a girl) very pleasant to look at)
ex she looked stunningly beautiful that night.
she has got a very pretty face.

pretty is used most often to talk about girls. When it is used to talk about a woman, it usually sugest that she is like a girl, with small, delicate features.

handsome:
with large strong features, rather than small delicate ones.

attractive:
pleasant to look at, especially in a sexual way

describing places

2008-06-07T04:17:00.000-07:00

(in construction.....)

SIZE

astronomical:
extremely large

boundless:
having no limit

boundless optimism

She has boundless energy and enthusiasm.
opp: Bounded

colossal:
extremely large

In the centre of the hall stood a colossal wooden statue, decorated in ivory and gold.

They were asking a colossal amount of money for the house.

elephantine:
very large

She's so tiny she makes me feel elephantine.

enormous:
extremely large

an enormous car/house

He earns an enormous salary.

I was absolutely enormous when I was pregnant.

You've been an enormous help.

extensive:
covering a large area; having a great range

a school with extensive grounds

gigantic:
extremely large

a gigantic statue

The cost has been gigantic.

ginormous (informal):
extremely large

Even little Billie ate his way through a ginormous ice-cream sundae.

humongous or humungous (U.S. slang):
extremely large

Zesto's restaurant serves humungous burgers.

vast:
extremely large in area, size, amount, etc.
syn: huge
ex a vast area of forest.

immeasurable:
(formal) to large, great etc. to be measured
ex to cause immeasurable harm

immense:
extremely large or great
syn: enormous
ex there is still an immense amount of work to be done

undersisez:
not as big as normal

tiny:
very small in size or amount
ex only tiny minorities hold such extreme views.

massive:
1_very large, heavy and solid
ex the massive walls of the castle

2_extremely large or serious
ex the explosion made a massive hole in the ground

NATURAL SIGHTS

marvellous:
extremely good, wonderful
syn: fantastic, explendid
ex this will be a marvellous oportunity for her

picturesque:
(of a place, building, scene) pretty, especially in a way that looks old-fashioned
syn quaint
ex a picturesque cottage, village
this inn is picturesquely situated on the bancks of the river

exuberant:
1_full of energy, exitment and happiness
ex she gave an exuberant performance

2_(of plants) strong and healthy; growing quickly and well.

immaculate:
1_extremely clean and tidy
syn: spotless
ex an immaculated uniform, room

2_containing no mistakes
syn: perfect
an immaculate performance

palatial:
(of a room or building) very large and impressive; like a palace
syn esplendid

crowded:
1_having a lot of people or too many people
ex in spring the place is crowded with skiers
2_full of something
ex a room crowded with books

modern:
1_of the present time or recent times
syn: contemporary
ex the modern industrial world

magnificent:
extremely attractive and impressive; deserving praise
syn: splendid
ex she looked magnificent in her wedding dress/you`ve all done a magnificent job

stunning:
1_extremely atractive or impressive
syn: beautiful
ex a stunning view of the lake

2_extremely surprising or shocking
ex he suffered a stunning defeat in the election

sandy:
covered with or containnig sand
ex a sandy beach /sandy soil

OTHERS

crowded:
If a place is crowded, it is full of people

By ten o'clock the bar was crowded.

historic:
important or likely to be important in history

historic buildings

a historic day/moment

In a historic vote, the Church of England decided to allow women to become priests.

cosmopolitan:
containing or having experience of people and things from many different parts of the world

New York is a highly cosmopolitan city.

touristy:
describes a place which is not attractive because a lot of tourists visit it and it is full of things for them to buy and do

This used to be an attractive seaside town, but now it's become very touristy.

industrial:
in or related to industry, or having a lot of industry and factories, etc

industrial output

industrial expansion

an industrial landscape/nation

He has an industrial background (= He has worked in industry).

deserted:
If a place is deserted, there are no people in it

a deserted building/street

The coastal resorts are deserted (= do not have many visitors) in winter.

Irregular verbs

2008-06-04T11:08:00.000-07:00

Aqui les dejo una lista de verbos irregulares, en la primer columna encontraran los verbos en infinitivo, en la segunda los verbos en pasado, luego el participio pasado (mas adelante veremos cuando usamos cada uno) y por ultimo el significado principal (no el unico).
Lo verbos regulares (para los que no saben) toman "ed" , salvo excepciones, en pasado y participio pasado.
ejemplo:

walk, que es el verbo caminar, toma "ed" en el pasado

I walked home last night ................................... yo camine a casa anoche.

Mas adelante veremos un poco mas de este tema,,,,
Como dije antes, en la ultima columna voy a poner el primer significado del diccionario, pero tengan en cuenta que la mayoria tiene mas de un significado o uso, asi que esto es a modo introductorio.

INFINITIVO	PASADO	PARTICIPIO PASADO
BE	WAS/WERE	BEEN	ser o estar
BEAT	BEAT	BEATEN	golpear
BECOME	BECAME	BECOME	convertirse
BEGIN	BEGAN	BEGUN	empezar
BEND	BENT	BENT	curvar, doblar
BET	BET	BET	apostar
BITE	BIT	BITTEN	morder
BLOW	BLEW	BLOWN	soplar
BREAK	BROKE	BROKEN	romper
BRING	BROUGHT	BROUGHT	traer
BUILD	BUILT	BUILT	construir
BURST	BURST	BURST	reventar
CATCH	CAUGHT	CAUGHT	agarrar
CHOOSE	CHOSE	CHOSEN	elegir
COME	CAME	COME	venir
COST	COST	COST	costar
CUT	CUT	CUT	cortar
DEAL	DEALT	DEALT	repartir(cartas)
DIG	DUG	DUG	cavar
DO	DID	DONE	hacer
DRAW	DREW	DRAWN	dibujar
DRINK	DRANK	DRUNK	tomar
DRIVE	DROVE	DRIVEN	manejar
EAT	ATE	EATEN	comer
FALL	FELL	FALLEN	caer
FEED	FED	FED	alimentar
FEEL	FELT	FELT	sentir
FIGHT	FOUGHT	FOUGHT	pelear
FIND	FOUND	FOUND	encontrar
FLY	FLEW	FLOWN	volar
FORBID	FORBADE	FORBIDDEN	prohibir
FORGET	FORGOT	FORGOTTEN	olvidar
FORGIVE	FORGAVE	FORGIVEN	perdonar
FREEZE	FROZE	FROZEN	helar
GET	GOT	GOTTEN	obtener
GIVE	GAVE	GIVEN	dar
GO	WENT	GONE	ir
GROW	GREW	GROWN	crecer
HANG	HUNG	HUNG	colgar
HAVE	HAD	HAD	poseer
HEAR	HEARD	HEARD	escuchar
HIDE	HID	HIDDEN	esconderse
HIT	HIT	HIT	pegar
HOLD	HELD	HELD	tener
HURT	HURT	HURT	lastimar
KEEP	KEPT	KEPT	guardar
KNOW	KNEW	KNOWN	saber
LAY	LAID	LAID	poner
LEAD	LED	LED	liderar
LEARN	LEARNT	LEARNT	aprender
LEAVE	LEFT	LEFT	irse
LEND	LENT	LENT	prestar
LET	LET	LET	permitir
LIGHT	LIT	LIT	encender
LOSE	LOST	LOST	perder
MAKE	MADE	MADE	hacer
MEAN	MEANT	MEANT	significar
MEET	MET	MET	encontrarse
PAY	PAID	PAID	pagar
PUT	PUT	PUT	poner
READ	READ	READ	leer
RIDE	RODE	RIDDEN	montar
RING	RANG	RUNG	anillar
RISE	ROSE	RISEN	aumentar
RUN	RAN	RUN	correr
SAY	SAID	SAID	decir
SEE	SAW	SEEN	ver
SEEK	SOUGHT	SOUGHT	buscar
SELL	SOLD	SOLD	vender
SEND	SENT	SENT	enviar
SET	SET	SET	colocar,poner
SEW	SEWED	SEWN	remendar
SHAKE	SHOOK	SHAKEN	temblar,sacudir
SHINE	SHONE	SHONE	brillar
SHOOT	SHOT	SHOT	disparar
SHOW	SHOWED	SHOWN	mostrar
SHRINK	SHRANK	SHRUNK	encoger
SHUT	SHUT	SHUT	cerrar
SING	SANG	SUNG	cantar
SIT	SAT	SAT	sentar
SLEEP	SLEPT	SLEPT	dormir
SPEAK	SPOKE	SPOKEN	hablar
SPEND	SPENT	SPENT	gastar
SPREAD	SPREAD	SPREAD	extenderse
SPRING	SPRANG	SPRUNG	saltar
STAND	STOOD	STOOD	estar/ponerse de pie
STEAL	STOLE	STOLEN	robar
STICK	STUCK	STUCK	clavar
STING	STUNG	STUNG	picar
STINK	STANK	STUNK	apestar
STRIKE	STRUCK	STRUCK	pegar/golpear
SWEAR	SWORE	SWORN	jurar
SWEEP	SWEPT	SWEPT	barrer
SWIM	SWAM	SWUM	nadar
SWING	SWANG	SWUNG	balancear
TAKE	TOOK	TAKEN	tomar
TEACH	TAUGHT	TAUGHT	enseñar
TEAR	TORE	TORN	romper/rasgar
TELL	TOLD	TOLD	decir
THINK	THOUGHT	THOUGHT	pensar
THROW	THREW	THROWN	tirar/arrojar
UNDERSTAND	UNDERSTOOD	UNDERSTOOD	entender
WAKE	WOKE	WOKEN	despertar
WEAR	WORE	WORN	vestir/llevar puesto
WIN	WON	WON	ganar
WRITE	WROTE	WRITTEN	escribir

Primary verbs

2008-05-31T15:32:00.000-07:00

Primary verbs for beginers...

Hay tres verbos en ingles que son muy usados y pueden confundir a los que recien comienzan. Por el hecho de que tienen dos funciones principales.
Estos son be, have and do, y pueden funcionar como auxiliar o como verbo principal.
Veamos, como verbo principal to be= ser o estar

a) I am elvio (yo soy elvio) o I`m elvio (forma corta)
a) She is not married (ella no esta casada) she isn`t married (forma corta)

Afirmativo
	Sujeto	Verbo
	I	am
	You	are
	He	is
	She	is
	It	is
	We	are
	You	are
	They	are

Esas son sus conjugaciones en tiempos presentes. Dependiendo de la persona.

Vale aclarar que las formas cortas se usan usualmente en oral, o en escritos informales.
En un escrito formal o semi formal no deberian usarse formas cortas.
Recuerden tambien que el apostrofo reemplaza casi siempre solo una letra.
por ejemplo:

I am = I`m
he is not = he`s not = he isn`t

Pero tambien van a encontrar al to be (o sus derivados, is are, am, etc, etc ) como un simple auxiliar.
caso 1:
auxiliar del progresivo:
to be + verb + ing ej: I am writing = yo estoy escribiendo

En esta oracion el verbo principal es write = escribir.

caso 2:
Auxiliar del pasivo:
to be+ participle ej: the article is written = el articulo es escrito
Nuevamente el verbo principal es write, y el to be, en este caso, marca la voz pasiva.

Primary verb Have:

Como verbo principal el Have tiene varios significados,

*Posesion: I have a computer = yo tengo una computadora

*comer y tomar: I had a burger and a coke = yo comi una hamburguesa y (tome) una coca

Y varios mas que no vamos a cubrir ahora

Como auxiliar el have marca tiempo perfecto,

have + participle

I have written an article = yo he escrito un articulo

He has written an article = el ha escrito un articulo (cambia segun la persona igual que el to be)

En las dos anteriores el verbo principal es write, y have/has son solo auxiliares.

Primary verb DO

Como verbo principal, el DO tiene un significado de actividad y puede tomar un objeto.

I do gym everyday.= Yo hago gimnacia todos los dias.

Will you do me a favour? = Me vas a hacer un favor?

DO tambien es frecuentemente usado para sustituir otros verbos.

Transitivamente (toma objeto)

Did you broke the car?= Rompiste vos el auto?
No, I didn`t do it. = yo no lo hice (el DO reemplaza a la accion de romper el auto)

Well, that`s why he did it. = bueno, eso fue por lo que lo hizo.

Intransitivamente:

Did they fire him? Lo despidieron?
They should have done(it=fired him), but they didn`t
Ellos deberian haberlo hecho , pero no lo hicieron

Auxiliary verb DO

El DO en la negacion e interrogacion. Aqui el DO no tiene un significado propio, si no que ayuda a definir la estructura de pregunta o negacion y en el se marca el tiempo. (presente o pasado)

He doesn`t smoke.= El no fuma

Does he smoke? = fuma el?

He didn`t come to the party = El no vino a la fiesta

Did he come to the party? = vino el a la fiesta?

NOTA: A no olvidarse la "S" de la tercera persona(he, she, it) en el presente simple, por eso en el ejemplo es "does" y no "do". En pasado no tenemos problema por que siempre es "did". Otro error comun es conjugar el verbo despues de un "did" o lo que seria igual, poner un verbo con "s" cuando hay un "does".

Cont......